ram home
         v 1: make clear by special emphasis and try to convince somebody
               of something; "drive home a point or an argument"; "I'm
               trying to drive home these basic ideas" [syn: {drive home},
               {ram home}, {press home}]

English Dictionary: renown	by the DICT Development Group
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Ramayana n one of two classical Hindu epics telling of the banishment of Rama from his kingdom and the abduction of his wife by a demon and Rama's restoration to the throne
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Ramman n god of storms and wind; corresponds to Babylonian Adad
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
ramona n shrubby plant with aromatic greyish-green leaves used as a cooking herb Synonym(s): common sage, ramona, Salvia officinalis
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
rein in v stop or slow up one's horse or oneself by or as if by pulling the reins; "They reined in in front of the post office" Synonym(s): rein, rein in control and direct with or as if by reins; "rein a horse" Synonym(s): harness, rein in, draw rein, rein stop or check by or as if by a pull at the reins; "He reined in his horses in front of the post office" Synonym(s): rein, rein in
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
remain v stay the same; remain in a certain state; "The dress remained wet after repeated attempts to dry it"; "rest assured"; "stay alone"; "He remained unmoved by her tears"; "The bad weather continued for another week" Synonym(s): stay, remain, rest Antonym(s): change continue in a place, position, or situation; "After graduation, she stayed on in Cambridge as a student adviser"; "Stay with me, please"; "despite student protests, he remained Dean for another year"; "She continued as deputy mayor for another year" Synonym(s): stay, stay on, continue, remain be left; of persons, questions, problems, results, evidence, etc.; "There remains the question of who pulled the trigger"; "Carter remains the only President in recent history under whose Presidency the U.S. did not fight a war" stay behind; "The smell stayed in the room"; "The hostility remained long after they made up" Synonym(s): persist, remain, stay
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
rename v assign a new name to; "Many streets in the former East Germany were renamed in 1990" name again or anew; "He was renamed Minister of the Interior"
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
renin n a proteolytic enzyme secreted by the kidneys; catalyzes the formation of angiotensin and thus affects blood pressure
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
rennin n an enzyme that occurs in gastric juice; causes milk to coagulate Synonym(s): rennin, chymosin
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
renown n the state or quality of being widely honored and acclaimed Synonym(s): fame, celebrity, renown Antonym(s): infamy, opprobrium
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
reunion n a party of former associates who have come together again the act of coming together again; "monetary unification precipitated the reunification of the German state in October 1990" Synonym(s): reunion, reunification
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
rhenium n a rare heavy polyvalent metallic element that resembles manganese chemically and is used in some alloys; is obtained as a by-product in refining molybdenum Synonym(s): rhenium, Re, atomic number 75
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Rhine wine n any of several white wines from the Rhine River valley in Germany (`hock' is British usage) Synonym(s): Rhine wine, Rhenish, hock
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
rhinion n the anterior tip at the end of the suture of the nasal bones
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Rhone wine n any of various wines from the Rhone River valley in France
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Riemann n pioneer of non-Euclidean geometry (1826-1866) [syn: Riemann, Bernhard Riemann, Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann]
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
romaine n lettuce with long dark-green leaves in a loosely packed elongated head Synonym(s): cos, cos lettuce, romaine, romaine lettuce
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Roman adj relating to or characteristic of people of Rome; "Roman virtues"; "his Roman bearing in adversity"; "a Roman nose" of or relating to or derived from Rome (especially ancient Rome); "Roman architecture"; "the old Roman wall" Synonym(s): Roman, Romanic characteristic of the modern type that most directly represents the type used in ancient Roman inscriptions of or relating to or supporting Romanism; "the Roman Catholic Church" Synonym(s): Roman, R.C., Romanist, romish, Roman Catholic, popish, papist, papistic, papistical n a resident of modern Rome an inhabitant of the ancient Roman Empire a typeface used in ancient Roman inscriptions Synonym(s): roman, roman type, roman letters, roman print
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Romani adj of or relating to the Gypsies or their language or culture; "Romani nomads"; "Romany folk songs"; "a Gypsy fortune-teller" Synonym(s): Romany, Romani n a member of a people with dark skin and hair who speak Romany and who traditionally live by seasonal work and fortunetelling; they are believed to have originated in northern India but now are living on all continents (but mostly in Europe, North Africa, and North America) Synonym(s): Gypsy, Gipsy, Romany, Rommany, Romani, Roma, Bohemian
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Romania n a republic in southeastern Europe with a short coastline on the Black Sea Synonym(s): Romania, Roumania, Rumania
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Romany adj of or relating to the Gypsies or their language or culture; "Romani nomads"; "Romany folk songs"; "a Gypsy fortune-teller" Synonym(s): Romany, Romani n a member of a people with dark skin and hair who speak Romany and who traditionally live by seasonal work and fortunetelling; they are believed to have originated in northern India but now are living on all continents (but mostly in Europe, North Africa, and North America) Synonym(s): Gypsy, Gipsy, Romany, Rommany, Romani, Roma, Bohemian the Indic language of the Gypsies Synonym(s): Romany, Gypsy
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Rommany n a member of a people with dark skin and hair who speak Romany and who traditionally live by seasonal work and fortunetelling; they are believed to have originated in northern India but now are living on all continents (but mostly in Europe, North Africa, and North America) Synonym(s): Gypsy, Gipsy, Romany, Rommany, Romani, Roma, Bohemian
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Roumania n a republic in southeastern Europe with a short coastline on the Black Sea Synonym(s): Romania, Roumania, Rumania
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Rumania n a republic in southeastern Europe with a short coastline on the Black Sea Synonym(s): Romania, Roumania, Rumania
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
rumen n the first compartment of the stomach of a ruminant; here food is collected and returned to the mouth as cud for chewing Synonym(s): rumen, first stomach
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
run on v talk or narrate at length continue uninterrupted; "The disease will run on unchecked"; "The party kept going until 4 A.M." Synonym(s): run on, keep going
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
run-in n an angry dispute; "they had a quarrel"; "they had words" Synonym(s): quarrel, wrangle, row, words, run-in, dustup
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
run-on adj (verse) without a rhetorical pause between lines [ant: end-stopped]
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Runyon n United States writer of humorous stylized stories about Broadway and the New York underground (1884-1946) Synonym(s): Runyon, Damon Runyon, Alfred Damon Runyon
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Ramean \Ra"me*an\, n.       A Ramist. --Shipley.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Ramoon \Ra*moon"\, n. (Bot.)       A small West Indian tree ({Trophis Americana}) of the       Mulberry family, whose leaves and twigs are used as fodder       for cattle.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Ranine \Ra"nine\, a. [L. rana a frog.]       1. (Zo[94]l.) Of or pertaining to the frogs and toads.          2. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or designating, a swelling under             the tongue; also, pertaining to the region where the             swelling occurs; -- applied especially to branches of the             lingual artery and lingual vein.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Remain \Re*main"\ (r?-m?n"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. {Remained}       (-m?nd"); p. pr. & vb. n. {Remaining}.] [OF. remaindre,       remanoir, L. remanere; pref. re- re- + manere to stay,       remain. See {Mansion}, and cf. {Remainder}, {Remnant}.]       1. To stay behind while others withdraw; to be left after             others have been removed or destroyed; to be left after a             number or quantity has been subtracted or cut off; to be             left as not included or comprised.                         Gather up the fragments that remain.   --John vi. 12.                         Of whom the greater part remain unto this present,                      but some are fallen asleep.               --1 Cor. xv.                                                                               6.                         That . . . remains to be proved.         --Locke.          2. To continue unchanged in place, form, or condition, or             undiminished in quantity; to abide; to stay; to endure; to             last.                         Remain a widow at thy father's house. --Gen.                                                                               xxxviii. 11.                         Childless thou art; childless remain. --Milton.          Syn: To continue; stay; wait; tarry; rest; sojourn; dwell;                abide; last; endure.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Remain \Re*main"\, v. t.       To await; to be left to. [Archaic]                   The easier conquest now remains thee.      --Milton.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Remainm \Re*main"m\ n.       1. State of remaining; stay. [Obs.]                         Which often, since my here remain in England, I 've                      seen him do.                                       --Shak.          2. That which is left; relic; remainder; -- chiefly in the             plural. [bd]The remains of old Rome.[b8] --Addison.                         When this remain of horror has entirely subsided.                                                                               --Burke.          3. Specif., in the plural:             (a) That which is left of a human being after the life is                   gone; relics; a dead body.                               Old warriors whose adored remains In weeping                            vaults her hallowed earth contains! --Pope.             (b) The posthumous works or productions, esp. literary                   works, of one who is dead; as, Cecil's Remains.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Remean \Re*mean"\ (r[?]-m[?]n"), v. t.       To give meaning to; to explain the meaning of; to interpret.       [Obs.] --Wyclif.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Rename \Re*name"\ (r?*n?m"), v. t.       To give a new name to.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Renomee \Re`no*mee"\ (r[amac]`n[osl]*m[amac]"), n. [F.       renomm[82]e.]       Renown. [Obs.] --Chaucer.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Renowme \Re*nowme"\ (r?-noum"), n.       Renown. [Obs.]                   The glory and renowme of the ancectors.   --Robynson                                                                               (More's                                                                               Utopia).
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Renown \Re*nown"\ (r?-noun"), n. [F. renom. See {Noun}, and cf.       {Renown}, v.]       1. The state of being much known and talked of; exalted             reputation derived from the extensive praise of great             achievements or accomplishments; fame; celebrity; --             always in a good sense.                         Nor envy we Thy great renown, nor grudge thy                      victory.                                             --Dryden.          2. Report of nobleness or exploits; praise.                         This famous duke of Milan, Of whom so often I have                      heard renown.                                    --Shak.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Renown \Re*nown"\ (r?-noun"), v. t. [F. renommer to name again,       celebrate, make famous; pref. re- re- + nommer to name, L.       nominare, fr. nomen a name. See {Noun}.]       To make famous; to give renown to. [Obs.]                   For joi to hear me so renown his son.      --Chapman.                   The bard whom pilfered pastorals renown. --Pope.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Reunion \Re*un"ion\, n. [Pref. re- + union: cf. F. r[82]union.]       1. A second union; union formed anew after separation,             secession, or discord; as, a reunion of parts or particles             of matter; a reunion of parties or sects.          2. An assembling of persons who have been separated, as of a             family, or the members of a disbanded regiment; an             assembly so composed.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Roman \Ro"man\, n.       1. A native, or permanent resident, of Rome; a citizen of             Rome, or one upon whom certain rights and privileges of a             Roman citizen were conferred.          2. Roman type, letters, or print, collectively; -- in             distinction from Italics.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Roman \Ro"man\, a. [L. Romanus, fr. Roma Rome: cf. F. romain.       Cf. {Romaic}, {Romance}, {Romantic}.]       1. Of or pertaining to Rome, or the Roman people; like or             characteristic of Rome, the Roman people, or things done             by Romans; as, Roman fortitude; a Roman aqueduct; Roman             art.          2. Of or pertaining to the Roman Catholic religion;             professing that religion.          3. (Print.)             (a) Upright; erect; -- said of the letters or kind of type                   ordinarily used, as distinguished from Italic                   characters.             (b) Expressed in letters, not in figures, as I., IV., i.,                   iv., etc.; -- said of numerals, as distinguished from                   the Arabic numerals, 1, 4, etc.          {Roman alum} (Chem.), a cubical potassium alum formerly             obtained in large quantities from Italian alunite, and             highly valued by dyers on account of its freedom from             iron.          {Roman balance}, a form of balance nearly resembling the             modern steelyard. See the Note under {Balance}, n., 1.          {Roman candle}, a kind of firework (generally held in the             hand), characterized by the continued emission of shower             of sparks, and the ejection, at intervals, of brilliant             balls or stars of fire which are thrown upward as they             become ignited.          {Roman Catholic}, of, pertaining to, or the religion of that             church of which the pope is the spiritual head; as, a             Roman Catholic priest; the Roman Catholic Church.          {Roman cement}, a cement having the property of hardening             under water; a species of hydraulic cement.          {Roman law}. See under {Law}.          {Roman nose}, a nose somewhat aquiline.          {Roman ocher}, a deep, rich orange color, transparent and             durable, used by artists. --Ure.          {Roman order} (Arch.), the composite order. See {Composite},             a., 2.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Composite \Com*pos"ite\ (?; 277), a. [L. compositus made up of       parts, p. p. of componere. See {Compound}, v. t., and cf.       {Compost}.]       1. Made up of distinct parts or elements; compounded; as, a             composite language.                         Happiness, like air and water . . . is composite.                                                                               --Landor.          2. (Arch.) Belonging to a certain order which is composed of             the Ionic order grafted upon the Corinthian. It is called             also the {Roman} or the {Italic} order, and is one of the             five orders recognized by the Italian writers of the             sixteenth century. See {Capital}.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Romany \Rom"a*ny\, n. [Gypsy romano, romani, adj., gypsy; cf.       rom husband.]       1. A gypsy.          2. The language spoken among themselves by the gypsies.             [Written also {Rommany}.]
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Romeine \Ro"me*ine\, Romeite \Ro"me*ite\, n. [F. rom[82]ine. So       calledafter the French mineralogist Rom[82] L'Isle.] (Min.)       A mineral of a hyacinth or honey-yellow color, occuring in       square octahedrons. It is an antimonate of calcium.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Romany \Rom"a*ny\, n. [Gypsy romano, romani, adj., gypsy; cf.       rom husband.]       1. A gypsy.          2. The language spoken among themselves by the gypsies.             [Written also {Rommany}.]
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Ronion \Ron"ion\, Ronyon \Ron"yon\, n. [F. rogne scab, mange.]       A mangy or scabby creature.                   [bd]Aroint thee, with![b8] the rump-fed ronyon cries.                                                                               --Shak.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Ronnen \Ron"nen\,       obs. p. p. of {Renne}, to run. --Chaucer.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Ronion \Ron"ion\, Ronyon \Ron"yon\, n. [F. rogne scab, mange.]       A mangy or scabby creature.                   [bd]Aroint thee, with![b8] the rump-fed ronyon cries.                                                                               --Shak.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Runnion \Run"nion\, n.       See {Ronion.}
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]:
Ramona, CA (CDP, FIPS 59346)       Location: 33.03615 N, 116.87005 W       Population (1990): 13040 (4405 housing units)       Area: 27.0 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water)       Zip code(s): 92065    Ramona, KS (city, FIPS 58375)       Location: 38.59746 N, 97.06360 W       Population (1990): 106 (51 housing units)       Area: 0.8 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water)       Zip code(s): 67475    Ramona, OK (town, FIPS 61700)       Location: 36.53139 N, 95.92529 W       Population (1990): 508 (268 housing units)       Area: 2.0 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water)       Zip code(s): 74061    Ramona, SD (town, FIPS 52860)       Location: 44.12008 N, 97.21504 W       Population (1990): 194 (97 housing units)       Area: 0.7 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water)       Zip code(s): 57054
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]:
Raynham, MA       Zip code(s): 02767    Raynham, NC (town, FIPS 55340)       Location: 34.57486 N, 79.19047 W       Population (1990): 106 (47 housing units)       Area: 0.4 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water)
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]:
Rimini, SC       Zip code(s): 29131
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]:
Ronan, MT (city, FIPS 64150)       Location: 47.52840 N, 114.09980 W       Population (1990): 1547 (710 housing units)       Area: 2.8 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water)       Zip code(s): 59864
From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]:
RMON          1. {remote monitoring}.          2. {Remote Monitor}.          (2003-09-15)
From The Elements (22Oct97) [elements]:
rhenium    Symbol: Re    Atomic number: 75    Atomic weight: 186.2    Silvery-white metallic transition element. Obtained as a by-product of    molybdenum refinement. Rhenium-molybdenum alloys are superconducting.
From Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary [easton]:
Rimmon       pomegranate. (1.) A man of Beeroth (2 Sam. 4:2), one of the four       Gibeonite cities. (See Josh. 9:17.)                (2.) A Syrian idol, mentioned only in 2 Kings 5:18.                (3.) One of the "uttermost cities" of Judah, afterwards given       to Simeon (Josh. 15:21, 32; 19:7; 1 Chr. 4:32). In Josh. 15:32       Ain and Rimmon are mentioned separately, but in 19:7 and 1 Chr.       4:32 (comp. Neh. 11:29) the two words are probably to be       combined, as forming together the name of one place,       Ain-Rimmon=the spring of the pomegranate. It has been identified       with Um er-Rumamin, about 13 miles south-west of Hebron.                (4.) "Rock of," to which the Benjamites fled (Judg. 20:45, 47;       21:13), and where they maintained themselves for four months       after the fearful battle at Gibeah, in which they were almost       exterminated, 600 only surviving out of about 27,000. It is the       present village of Rummon, "on the very edge of the hill       country, with a precipitous descent toward the Jordan valley,"       supposed to be the site of Ai.
From Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary (late 1800's) [hitchcock]:
Remmon, greatness; elevation; a pomegranate-tree
From Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary (late 1800's) [hitchcock]:
Rimmon, exalted; pomegranate
From Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary (late 1800's) [hitchcock]:
Roman, strong; powerful
From The CIA World Factbook (1995) [world95]:
Reunion       (overseas department of France)       Reunion:Geography       Location: Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of    Madagascar       Map references: World       Area:    total area: 2,510 sq km    land area: 2,500 sq km    comparative area: slightly smaller than Rhode Island       Land boundaries: 0 km       Coastline: 201 km       Maritime claims:    exclusive economic zone: 200 nm    territorial sea: 12 nm       International disputes: none       Climate: tropical, but moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May    to November, hot and rainy from November to April       Terrain: mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast       Natural resources: fish, arable land       Land use:    arable land: 20%    permanent crops: 2%    meadows and pastures: 4%    forest and woodland: 35%    other: 39%       Irrigated land: 60 sq km (1989 est.)       Environment:    current issues: NA    natural hazards: periodic, devastating cyclones (December to April);    Piton de la Fournaise on the southeastern coast is an active volcano    international agreements: NA       Reunion:People       Population: 666,067 (July 1995 est.)       Age structure:    0-14 years: 32% (female 104,924; male 109,972)    15-64 years: 62% (female 210,762; male 203,774)    65 years and over: 6% (female 21,606; male 15,029) (July 1995 est.)       Population growth rate: 1.98% (1995 est.)       Birth rate: 24.59 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)       Death rate: 4.79 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)       Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)       Infant mortality rate: 7.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)       Life expectancy at birth:    total population: 74.46 years    male: 71.39 years    female: 77.67 years (1995 est.)       Total fertility rate: 2.75 children born/woman (1995 est.)       Nationality:    noun: Reunionese (singular and plural)    adjective: Reunionese       Ethnic divisions: French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani,    Indian       Religions: Roman Catholic 94%       Languages: French (official), Creole widely used       Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1982)    total population: 79%    male: 76%    female: 80%       Labor force: NA    by occupation: agriculture 30%, industry 21%, services 49% (1981)       Reunion:Government       Names:    conventional long form: Department of Reunion    conventional short form: Reunion    local long form: none    local short form: Ile de la Reunion       Digraph: RE       Type: overseas department of France       Capital: Saint-Denis       Administrative divisions: none (overseas department of France)       Independence: none (overseas department of France)       National holiday: National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)       Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)       Legal system: French law       Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal       Executive branch:    chief of state: President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981)    head of government: Prefect of Reunion Island Hubert FOURNIER (since    NA)    cabinet: Council of Ministers       Legislative branch: unicameral General Council and unicameral Regional    Council    General Council: elections last held March 1994 (next to be held NA);    results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (47 total) PCR 12, PS    12, UDF 11, RPR 5, others 7    Regional Council: elections last held 25 June 1993 (next to be held    NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (45 total) UPF 17,    Free-Dom Movement 13, PCR 9, PS 6    French Senate: elections last held 24 September 1992 (next to be held    NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (3 total) RPR 1,    FRA 1, independent 1    French National Assembly: elections last held 21 and 28 March 1993    (next to be held NA 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA;    seats - (5 total) PS 1, PCR 1, UPF 1, RPR 1, UDF-CDS 1       Judicial branch: Court of Appeals (Cour d'Appel)       Political parties and leaders: Rally for the Republic (RPR), Alain    DEFAUD; Union for French Democracy (UDF), Gilbert GERARD; Communist    Party of Reunion (PCR), Elie HOARAU;; France-Reunion Future (FRA),    Andre THIEN AH KOON; Socialist Party (PS), Jean-Claude FRUTEAU; Social    Democrats (CDS), leader NA; Union for France (UPF - including RPR and    UDF); Free-Dom Movement, Marguerite SUDRE       Member of: FZ, WFTU       Diplomatic representation in US: none (overseas department of France)       US diplomatic representation: none (overseas department of France)       Flag: the flag of France is used       Economy       Overview: The economy has traditionally been based on agriculture.    Sugarcane has been the primary crop for more than a century, and in    some years it accounts for 85% of exports. The government has been    pushing the development of a tourist industry to relieve high    unemployment, which recently amounted to one-third of the labor force.    The gap in Reunion between the well-off and the poor is extraordinary    and accounts for the persistent social tensions. The white and Indian    communities are substantially better off than other segments of the    population, often approaching European standards, whereas indigenous    groups suffer the poverty and unemployment typical of the poorer    nations of the African continent. The outbreak of severe rioting in    February 1991 illustrates the seriousness of socioeconomic tensions.    The economic well-being of Reunion depends heavily on continued    financial assistance from France.       National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $2.5 billion (1993    est.)       National product real growth rate: NA%       National product per capita: $3,900 (1993 est.)       Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%       Unemployment rate: 35% (February 1991)       Budget:    revenues: $358 million    expenditures: $914 million, including capital expenditures of $NA    (1986 est.)       Exports: $166 million (f.o.b., 1988)    commodities: sugar 75%, rum and molasses 4%, perfume essences 4%,    lobster 3%, vanilla and tea 1%    partners: France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, Italy       Imports: $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1988)    commodities: manufactured goods, food, beverages, tobacco, machinery    and transportation equipment, raw materials, and petroleum products    partners: France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, Italy       External debt: $NA       Industrial production: growth rate NA%; about 25% of GDP       Electricity:    capacity: 180,000 kW    production: 1 billion kWh    consumption per capita: 1,454 kWh (1993)       Industries: sugar, rum, cigarettes, several small shops producing    handicraft items       Agriculture: accounts for 30% of labor force; dominant sector of    economy; cash crops - sugarcane, vanilla, tobacco; food crops -    tropical fruits, vegetables, corn; imports large share of food needs       Economic aid:    recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral    commitments (1970-89), $14.8 billion       Currency: 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes       Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.2943 (January 1995),    5.5520 (1994), 5.6632 (1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453    (1990)       Fiscal year: calendar year       Reunion:Transportation       Railroads: 0 km       Highways:    total: 2,800 km    paved: 2,200 km    unpaved: gravel, crushed stone, stabilized earth 600 km       Ports: Le Port, Pointe des Galets       Merchant marine: none       Airports:    total: 2    with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1    with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1       Reunion:Communications       Telephone system: 85,900 telephones; adequate system; principal center    Saint-Denis    local: NA    intercity: modern open-wire and microwave network    international: radiocommunication to Comoros, France, Madagascar; new    microwave route to Mauritius; 1 INTELSAT (Indian Ocean) earth station       Radio:    broadcast stations: AM 3, FM 13, shortwave 0    radios: NA       Television:    broadcast stations: 1 (repeaters 18)    televisions: NA       Reunion:Defense Forces       Branches: French forces (Army, Navy, Air Force, and Gendarmerie)       Manpower availability: males age 15-49 173,693; males fit for military    service 89,438; males reach military age (18) annually 5,781 (1995    est.)       Note: defense is the responsibility of France
From The CIA World Factbook (1995) [world95]:
Romania       Romania:Geography       Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between    Bulgaria and Ukraine       Map references: Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe       Area:    total area: 237,500 sq km    land area: 230,340 sq km    comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon       Land boundaries: total 2,508 km, Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km,    Moldova 450 km, Serbia and Montenegro 476 km (all with Serbia),    Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (south) 169 km       Coastline: 225 km       Maritime claims:    contiguous zone: 24 nm    continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation    exclusive economic zone: 200 nm    territorial sea: 12 nm       International disputes: certain territory of Moldova and Ukraine -    including Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina - are considered by    Bucharest as historically a part of Romania; this territory was    incorporated into the former Soviet Union following the    Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in 1940       Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog;    sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms       Terrain: central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Plain of    Moldavia on the east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from    the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps       Natural resources: petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural    gas, coal, iron ore, salt       Land use:    arable land: 43%    permanent crops: 3%    meadows and pastures: 19%    forest and woodland: 28%    other: 7%       Irrigated land: 34,500 sq km (1989 est.)       Environment:    current issues: soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air    pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube    delta wetlands    natural hazards: earthquakes most severe in south and southwest;    geologic structure and climate promote landslides    international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty,    Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental    Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer    Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified -    Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of the Sea       Note: controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans,    Moldova, and Ukraine       Romania:People       Population: 23,198,330 (July 1995 est.)    note: the Romanian census of January 1992 gives the population for    that date as 22.749 million; the government estimates that population    declined in 1993 by 0.3%       Age structure:    0-14 years: 21% (female 2,413,933; male 2,534,019)    15-64 years: 67% (female 7,737,531; male 7,732,038)    65 years and over: 12% (female 1,604,210; male 1,176,599) (July 1995    est.)       Population growth rate: 0.09% (1995 est.)       Birth rate: 13.71 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)       Death rate: 9.93 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)       Net migration rate: -2.88 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)       Infant mortality rate: 18.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)       Life expectancy at birth:    total population: 72.24 years    male: 69.31 years    female: 75.35 years (1995 est.)       Total fertility rate: 1.82 children born/woman (1995 est.)       Nationality:    noun: Romanian(s)    adjective: Romanian       Ethnic divisions: Romanian 89.1%, Hungarian 8.9%, German 0.4%,    Ukrainian, Serb, Croat, Russian, Turk, and Gypsy 1.6%       Religions: Romanian Orthodox 70%, Roman Catholic 6% (of which 3% are    Uniate), Protestant 6%, unaffiliated 18%       Languages: Romanian, Hungarian, German       Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1992)    total population: 97%    male: 98%    female: 95%       Labor force: 11.3 million (1992)    by occupation: industry 38%, agriculture 28%, other 34% (1989)       Romania:Government       Names:    conventional long form: none    conventional short form: Romania    local long form: none    local short form: Romania       Digraph: RO       Type: republic       Capital: Bucharest       Administrative divisions: 40 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1    municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor,    Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti*, Buzau,    Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dimbovita, Dolj,    Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Maramures,    Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu,    Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea       Independence: 1881 (from Turkey; republic proclaimed 30 December 1947)       National holiday: National Day of Romania, 1 December (1990)       Constitution: 8 December 1991       Legal system: former mixture of civil law system and Communist legal    theory; is now based on the Constitution of France's Fifth Republic       Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal       Executive branch:    chief of state: President Ion ILIESCU (since 20 June 1990, previously    President of Provisional Council of National Unity since 23 December    1989); election last held 27 September 1992, with runoff between top    two candidates on 11 October 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results -    Ion ILIESCU 61.4%, Emil CONSTANTINESCU 38.6%    head of government: Prime Minister Nicolae VACAROIU (since November    1992)    cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the prime minister       Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament    Senate (Senat): elections last held 27 September 1992 (next to be held    NA 1996); results - PSDR 34.3%, CDR 18.2%, DP-FSN 12.6%, others 34.9%;    seats - (143 total) PSDR 49, CDR 26, DP-FSN 18, PUNR 13, UDMR 12, PRM    6, PAC 6, PDAR 5, PSM 5, PL-93 2 other 1    House of Deputies (Adunarea Deputatilor): elections last held 27    September 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - PSDR 34.0%, CDR    16,4%, DP-FSN 12.3%, others 37.3%; seats - (341 total) PSDR 116, CDR    56, DP-FSN 42, PUNR 29, UDMR 27, PL-93 19, PRM 15, PSM 13, PAC 5,    other 19       Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice, Constitutional Court       Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party (DP-FSN), Petre ROMAN;    Social Democratic Party of Romania (PSDR), Adrian NASTASE; Democratic    Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR), Bela MARKO; National Liberal    Party (PNL), Mircea IONESCU-QUINTUS; National Peasants' Christian and    Democratic Party (PNTCD), Corneliu COPOSU; Romanian National Unity    Party (PUNR), Gheorghe FUNAR; Socialist Labor Party (PSM), Ilie    VERDET; Agrarian Democratic Party of Romania (PDAR), Victor SURDU; The    Democratic Convention (CDR), Emil CONSTANTINESCU; Romania Mare Party    (PRM), Corneliu Vadim TUDOR; Civic Alliance Party (PAC), Nicolae    MANOLESCU, chairman    note: numerous other small parties exist but almost all failed to gain    representation in the most recent election       Other political or pressure groups: various human rights and    professional associations       Member of: ACCT, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CEI (associate members), EBRD,    ECE, FAO, G- 9, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC,    IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM    (observer), ISO, ITU, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, OAS (observer), OSCE,    PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOSOM, UPU, WCL, WEU    (associate partner), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC       Diplomatic representation in US:    chief of mission: Ambassador Mihai Horia BOTEZ    chancery: 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008    telephone: [1] (202) 332-4846, 4848, 4851    FAX: [1] (202) 232-4748    consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York       US diplomatic representation:    chief of mission: Ambassador Alfred H. MOSES    embassy: Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest    mailing address: American Consulate General (Bucharest), Unit 1315,    Bucharest; APO AE 09213-1315    telephone: [40] (1) 210 01 49, 210 40 42    FAX: [40] (1) 210 03 95    branch office: Cluj-Napoca       Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and    red; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow    band has been removed; now similar to the flags of Andorra and Chad       Economy       Overview: Despite the continuing difficulties in moving away from the    former command system, the Romanian economy seems to have bottomed out    in 1993-94. Market oriented reforms have been introduced fitfully    since the downfall of CEAUSESCU in December 1989, with the result a    growing private sector, especially in services. The slow pace of    structural reform, however, has exacerbated Romania's high inflation    rate and eroded real wages. Agricultural production rebounded in 1993    from the drought-reduced harvest of 1992. The economy continued its    recovery in 1994, further gains being realized in agriculture,    construction, services, and trade. Food supplies are adequate but    expensive. Romania's infrastructure had deteriorated over the last    five years due to reduced levels of public investment. Residents of    the capital reported frequent disruptions of heating and water    services. The slow and painful process of conversion to a more open    economy will continue in 1995.       National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $64.7 billion (1994    est.)       National product real growth rate: 3.4% (1994 est.)       National product per capita: $2,790 (1994 est.)       Inflation rate (consumer prices): 62% (1994)       Unemployment rate: 10.9% (December 1994)       Budget:    revenues: $8.3 billion    expenditures: $9.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA    (1995 est.)       Exports: $6 billion (f.o.b., 1994)    commodities: metals and metal products 17.6%, mineral products 11.9%,    textiles 18.5%, electric machines and equipment 8.4%, transport    materials 6.5% (1994)    partners: EC 36.1%, developing countries 27.4%, East and Central    Europe 14.9%, EFTA 5.1%, Russia 5%, Japan 1.4%, US 1.3% (1993)       Imports: $6.3 billion (f.o.b., 1994)    commodities: minerals 21.1%, machinery and equipment 19.7%, textiles    11.5%, agricultural goods 9.2% (1994)    partners: EC 45.8%, East and Central Europe 8.6%, developing countries    22.6%, Russia 11%, EFTA 6.2%, US 5.0%, Japan 0.8% (1993)       External debt: $4.4 billion (1994)       Industrial production: growth rate -1% (1993 est.); accounts for 45%    of GDP       Electricity:    capacity: 22,180,000 kW    production: 50.8 billion kWh    consumption per capita: 2,076 kWh (1993)       Industries: mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy,    chemicals, machine building, food processing, petroleum production and    refining       Agriculture: accounts for 18% of GDP and 28% of labor force; major    wheat and corn producer; other products - sugar beets, sunflower seed,    potatoes, milk, eggs, meat, grapes       Illicit drugs: transshipment point for southwest Asian heroin and    Latin American cocaine transiting the Balkan route       Economic aid: $NA       Currency: 1 leu (L) = 100 bani       Exchange rates: lei (L) per US$1 - 1,776.00 (January 1995), 1,655.09    (1994), 760.05 (1993), 307.95 (1992), 76.39 (1991), 22.432 (1990)       Fiscal year: calendar year       Romania:Transportation       Railroads:    total: 11,365 km    broad gauge: 45 km 1.524-m gauge    standard gauge: 10,893 km 1.435-m gauge (3,723 km electrified; 3,060    km double track)    narrow gauge: 427 km 0.760-m gauge (1994)       Highways:    total: 461,880 km    paved: 235,559 km (113 km of expressways)    unpaved: 226,321 km (1992)       Inland waterways: 1,724 km (1984)       Pipelines: crude oil 2,800 km; petroleum products 1,429 km; natural    gas 6,400 km (1992)       Ports: Braila, Constanta, Galatz, Mangalia, Sulina, Tulcea       Merchant marine:    total: 238 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,528,971 GRT/3,849,943    DWT    ships by type: bulk 46, cargo 167, container 2, oil tanker 14,    passenger-cargo 1, railcar carrier 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 7    note: in addition, Romania owns 20 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling    1,207,388 DWT that operate under Liberian, Maltese, Cypriot, and    Bahamian registry       Airports:    total: 156    with paved runways over 3,047 m: 4    with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 9    with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 14    with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3    with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1    with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 17    with unpaved runways under 914 m: 108       Romania:Communications       Telephone system: about 2.3 million telephones; 99 telephones/1,000    persons; 89% of phone network is automatic; poor service; cable and    open wire    local: NA    intercity: trunk network is microwave; roughly 3,300 villages with no    service (February 1990)    international: 1 INTELSAT earth station; new digital international    direct dial exchanges are in Bucharest (1993)       Radio:    broadcast stations: AM 12, FM 5, shortwave 0    radios: NA       Television:    broadcast stations: 13 (1990)    televisions: NA       Romania:Defense Forces       Branches: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Paramilitary Forces,    Civil Defense       Manpower availability: males age 15-49 5,934,524; males fit for    military service 5,002,287; males reach military age (20) annually    196,587 (1995 est.)       Defense expenditures: 1,260 billion lei, 3% of GDP (1994); note -    conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current    exchange rate could produce misleading results