nautch dance : Dictionary / Wörterbuch (BEOLINGUS, TU Chemnitz)

Naticidae
n 1: moonshells [syn: {Naticidae}, {family Naticidae}]

English Dictionary: nautch dance	by the DICT Development Group
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
nautch dance n an intricate traditional dance in India performed by professional dancing girls Synonym(s): nautch, nauch, nautch dance
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
net estate n the estate remaining after debts and funeral expenses and administrative expenses have been deducted from the gross estate; the estate then left to be distributed (and subject to federal and state inheritance taxes)
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
New Testament n the collection of books of the Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, the Pauline and other epistles, and Revelation; composed soon after Christ's death; the second half of the Christian Bible
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
notched adj notched like a saw with teeth pointing toward the apex Synonym(s): serrate, serrated, saw-toothed, toothed, notched having an irregularly notched or toothed margin as though gnawed Synonym(s): erose, jagged, jaggy, notched, toothed
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
noticed adj being perceived or observed; "an easily noticed effect on the rate of growth" Antonym(s): unnoticed
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Notostraca n small freshwater crustaceans with a shield-shaped carapace Synonym(s): Notostraca, order Notostraca
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
nude statue n a statue of a naked human figure [syn: nude, {nude sculpture}, nude statue]
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
nudist n a person who practices nudity for reasons of health or religion Synonym(s): nudist, naturist
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
nut sedge n a widely distributed perennial sedge having small edible nutlike tubers Synonym(s): nutgrass, nut grass, nutsedge, nut sedge, Cyperus rotundus
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
nutsedge n a widely distributed perennial sedge having small edible nutlike tubers Synonym(s): nutgrass, nut grass, nutsedge, nut sedge, Cyperus rotundus
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Polyanthus \Pol`y*an"thus\, n.; pl. {Polyanthuses}. [NL., fr. Gr. [?] rich in flowers; poly`s many + [?] flower.] [Written also {polyanthos}.] (Bot.) (a) The oxlip. So called because the peduncle bears a many-flowered umbel. See {Oxlip}. (b) A bulbous flowering plant of the genus {Narcissus} ({N. Tazetta}, or {N. polyanthus} of some authors). See Illust. of {Narcissus}.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Naticoid \Nat"i*coid\, a. [Natica + -oid.] (Zo[94]l.) Like or belonging to Natica, or the family {Naticid[91]}.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Neat \Neat\, a. [Compar. {Neater}; superl. {Neatest}.] [OE. nett, F. nett, fr. L. nitidus, fr. nitere to shine. Cf. {Nitid}, {Net}, a., {Natty}.] 1. Free from that which soils, defiles, or disorders; clean; cleanly; tidy. If you were to see her, you would wonder what poor body it was that was so surprisingly neat and clean. --Law. 2. Free from what is unbecoming, inappropriate, or tawdry; simple and becoming; pleasing with simplicity; tasteful; chaste; as, a neat style; a neat dress. 3. Free from admixture or adulteration; good of its kind; as, neat brandy. [bd]Our old wine neat.[b8] --Chapman. 4. Excellent in character, skill, or performance, etc.; nice; finished; adroit; as, a neat design; a neat thief. 5. With all deductions or allowances made; net. Note: [In this sense usually written {net}. See {Net}, a., 3.] {neat line} (Civil Engin.), a line to which work is to be built or formed. {Neat work}, work built or formed to neat lines. Syn: Nice; pure; cleanly; tidy; trim; spruce.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Needy \Need"y\, a. [Compar. {Needer}; superl. {Neediest}.] 1. Distressed by want of the means of living; very por; indigent; necessitous. Thou shalt open thy hand wide unto thy brother, to thy poor, and to thy needy in thy land. --Deut. xv. 11. Spare the bluches of needly merit. --Dr. T. Dwight. 2. Necessary; requiste. [Obs.] Corn to make your needy bread. --Shak.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
New \New\, a. [Compar. {Newer}; superl. {Newest}.] [OE. OE. newe, AS. niwe, neowe; akin to D. nieuw, OS. niwi, OHG. niuwi, G. neu, Icel. n[?]r, Dan. & Sw. ny, Goth. niujis, Lith. naujas, Russ. novuii, Ir. nua, nuadh, Gael. nuadh, W. newydd, Armor. nevez, L. novus, gr. [?], Skr. nava, and prob. to E. now. [root]263. See {Now}, and cf. {Announce}, {Innovate}, {Neophyte}, {Novel}.] 1. Having existed, or having been made, but a short time; having originated or occured lately; having recently come into existence, or into one's possession; not early or long in being; of late origin; recent; fresh; modern; -- opposed to {old}, as, a new coat; a new house; a new book; a new fashion. [bd]Your new wife.[b8] --Chaucer. 2. Not before seen or known, although existing before; lately manifested; recently discovered; as, a new metal; a new planet; new scenes. 3. Newly beginning or recurring; starting anew; now commencing; different from has been; as, a new year; a new course or direction. 4. As if lately begun or made; having the state or quality of original freshness; also, changed for the better; renovated; unworn; untried; unspent; as, rest and travel made him a new man. Steadfasty purposing to lead a new life. --Bk. of Com. Prayer. Men after long emaciating diets, fat, and almost new. --Bacon. 5. Not of ancient extraction, or of a family of ancient descent; not previously kniwn or famous. --Addison. 6. Not habituated; not familiar; unaccustomed. New to the plow, unpracticed in the trace. --Pope. 7. Fresh from anything; newly come. New from her sickness to that northern air. --Dryden. {New birth}. See under {Birth}. {New Church}, [or] {New Jerusalem Church}, the church holding the doctrines taught by Emanuel Swedenborg. See {Swedenborgian}. {New heart} (Theol.), a heart or character changed by the power of God, so as to be governed by new and holy motives. {New land}, land ckeared and cultivated for the first time. {New light}. (Zo[94]l.) See {Crappie}. {New moon}. (a) The moon in its first quarter, or when it first appears after being invisible. (b) The day when the new moon is first seen; the first day of the lunar month, which was a holy day among the Jews. --2 Kings iv. 23. {New Red Sandstone} (Geol.), an old name for the formation immediately above the coal measures or strata, now divided into the Permian and Trias. See {Sandstone}. {New style}. See {Style}. {New testament}. See under {Testament}. {New world}, the land of the Western Hemisphere; -- so called because not known to the inhabitants of the Eastern Hemisphere until recent times. Syn: Novel; recent; fresh; modern. See {Novel}.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
New Thought \New Thought\ Any form of belief in mental healing other than (1) Christian Science and (2) hypnotism or psychotherapy. Its central principle is affirmative thought, or suggestion, employed with the conviction that man produces changes in his health, his finances, and his life by the adoption of a favorable mental attitude. AS a therapeutic doctrine it stands for silent and absent mental treatment, and the theory that all diseases are mental in origin. As a cult it has its unifying idea the inculcation of workable optimism in contrast with the [bd]old thought[b8] of sin, evil, predestination, and pessimistic resignation. The term is essentially synonymous with the term {High Thought}, used in England.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Nidget \Nidg"et\, n. [Written also {nigget}, {nigeot}.] [Cf. F. nigaud a boody, fool, OF. niger to play the fool.] A fool; an idiot, a coward. [Obs.] --Camden.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Nodosity \Nodos"ity\, n. [L. nodositas.] 1. The quality of being knotty or nodose; resemblance to a node or swelling; knottiness. --Holland. 2. A knot; a node.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Ceremony \Cer"emony\, n.; pl. {Ceremonies}. [F. c[82]r[82]monie, L. caerimonia; perh. akin to E. create and from a root signifying to do or make.] 1. Ar act or series of acts, often of a symbolical character, prescribed by law, custom, or authority, in the conduct of important matters, as in the performance of religious duties, the transaction of affairs of state, and the celebration of notable events; as, the ceremony of crowning a sovereign; the ceremonies observed in consecrating a church; marriage and baptismal ceremonies. According to all the rites of it, and according to all the ceremonies thereof shall ye keep it [the Passover]. --Numb. ix. 3 Bring her up the high altar, that she may The sacred ceremonies there partake. --Spenser. [The heralds] with awful ceremony And trumpet's sound, throughout the host proclaim A solemn council. --Milton. 2. Behavior regulated by strict etiquette; a formal method of performing acts of civility; forms of civility prescribed by custom or authority. Ceremony was but devised at first To set a gloss on . . . hollow welcomes . . . But where there is true friendship there needs none. --Shak. Al ceremonies are in themselves very silly things; but yet a man of the world should know them. --Chesterfield. 3. A ceremonial symbols; an emblem, as a crown, scepter, garland, etc. [Obs.] Disrobe the images, If you find them decked with ceremonies. . . . Let no images Be hung with C[91]sar's trophies. --Shak. 4. A sign or prodigy; a portent. [Obs.] C[91]sar, I never stood on ceremonies, Yet, now they fright me. --Shak. {Master of ceremonies}, an officer who determines the forms to be observed, or superintends their observance, on a public occasion. {Not to stand on ceremony}, not to be ceremonious; to be familiar, outspoken, or bold.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Notch \Notch\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Notched}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Notching}.] 1. To cut or make notches in; to indent; also, to score by notches; as, to notch a stick. 2. To fit the notch of (an arrow) to the string. God is all sufferance; here he doth show No arrow notched, only a stringless bow. --Herrick.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Notchweed \Notch"weed`\, n. (Bot.) A foul-smelling weed, the stinking goosefoot ({Chenopodium Vulvaria}).
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Notice \No"tice\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Noticed}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Noticing}.] 1. To observe; to see to mark; to take note of; to heed; to pay attention to. 2. To show that one has observed; to take public note of; remark upon; to make comments on; to refer to; as, to notice a book. This plant deserves to be noticed in this place. --Tooke. Another circumstance was noticed in connection with the suggestion last discussed. --Sir W. Hamilton. 3. To treat with attention and civility; as, to notice strangers. Syn: To remark; observe; perceive; see; mark; note; mind; regard; heed; mention. See {Remark}.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Notist \No"tist\, n. An annotator. [Obs.]
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]:
Natchitoches, LA (city, FIPS 53545) Location: 31.75548 N, 93.09767 W Population (1990): 16609 (6093 housing units) Area: 26.2 sq km (land), 8.9 sq km (water) Zip code(s): 71457
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]:
Natchitoches Parish, LA (parish, FIPS 69) Location: 31.72631 N, 93.09500 W Population (1990): 36689 (15210 housing units) Area: 3254.1 sq km (land), 111.3 sq km (water)
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]:
New Woodstock, NY Zip code(s): 13122
From Jargon File (4.2.0, 31 JAN 2000) [jargon]:
net.god /net god/ n. Accolade referring to anyone who satisfies some combination of the following conditions: has been visible on Usenet for more than 5 years, ran one of the original backbone sites, moderated an important newsgroup, wrote news software, or knows Gene, Mark, Rick, Mel, Henry, Chuq, and Greg personally. See {demigod}. Net.goddesses such as Rissa or the Slime Sisters have (so far) been distinguished more by personality than by authority.
From Jargon File (4.2.0, 31 JAN 2000) [jargon]:
netiquette /net'ee-ket/ or /net'i-ket/ n. [portmanteau, network + etiquette] The conventions of politeness recognized on {Usenet}, such as avoidance of cross-posting to inappropriate groups and refraining from commercial pluggery outside the biz groups.
From Jargon File (4.2.0, 31 JAN 2000) [jargon]:
New Testament n. [C programmers] The second edition of K&R's "The C Programming Language" (Prentice-Hall, 1988; ISBN 0-13-110362-8), describing ANSI Standard C. See {K&R}; this version is also called `K&R2'.
From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]:
netCDF Network Common Data Form. A machine-independent, self-describing file format for scientific data.
From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]:
net.god /net god/ Accolade referring to anyone who satisfies some combination of the following conditions: has been visible on {Usenet} for more than 5 years, ran one of the original backbone sites, moderated an important newsgroup, wrote news software, or knows Gene, Mark, Rick, Mel, Henry, Chuq, and Greg personally. Net.goddesses such as Rissa or the Slime Sisters have (so far) been distinguished more by personality than by authority. See {demigod}. [{Jargon File}] (1996-01-07)
From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]:
netiquette /net'ee-ket/ or /net'i-ket/ Network etiquette. The conventions of politeness recognised on {Usenet} and in {mailing list}s, such as not (cross-)posting to inappropriate groups and refraining from commercial advertising outside the biz groups. The most important rule of netiquette is "Think before you post". If what you intend to post will not make a positive contribution to the newsgroup and be of interest to several readers, don't post it! Personal messages to one or two individuals should not be posted to newsgroups, use private e-mail instead. When following up an article, quote the minimum necessary to give some context to your reply and be careful to attribute the quote to the right person. If the article you are responding to was posted to several groups, edit the distribution ("Newsgroups:") header to contain only those groups which are appropriate to your reply, especially if the original message was posted to one or more inappropriate groups in the first place. Re-read and edit your posting carefully before you post. Check the spelling and grammar. Keep your lines to less than 70 characters. Don't post test messages (except to test groups) - wait until you have something to say. When posting humorous or sarcastic comments, it is conventional to append a {smiley}, but don't overuse them. Before asking a question, read the messages already in the group and read the group's {FAQ} if it has one. When you do post a question, follow it with "please reply by mail and I will post a summary if requested" and make sure you DO post a summary if requested, or if only a few people were interested, send them a summary by mail. This avoids umpteen people posting the same answer to the group and umpteen others posting "me too"s. If you believe someone has violated netiquette, send them a message by _private e-mail_, DO NOT post a follow-up to the news. And be polite, they may not realise their mistake, they might be a beginner or may not even have been responsible for the "crime" - their account may have been used by someone else or their address forged. Be proud of your postings but don't post just to see your name in pixels. Remember: your future employer may be reading. {Netiquette for Usenet Site Administrators (http://ancho.ucs.indiana.edu/FAQ/USAGN/index.html)}. {"net.acceptable" (http://marketing.tenagra.com/net-acceptable.html)}. [{Jargon File}] (1999-10-18)
From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]:
netquette It's spelled "{netiquette}". (1999-09-30)
From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]:
netstat (Or "rstat") A {Unix} command to give statistics about the {network} including {socket} status, interfaces that have been auto-configured, memory statistics, {routing} tables. {Unix manual pages}: rstat(3), netstat(8). (1996-06-04)
From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]:
New Testament [C programmers] The second edition of {K&R}'s "The C Programming Language" (Prentice-Hall, 1988; ISBN 0-13-110362-8), describing {ANSI C}. [{Jargon File}]
From Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary [easton]:
New Testament (Luke 22:20), rather "New Covenant," in contrast to the old covenant of works, which is superseded. "The covenant of grace is called new; it succeeds to the old broken covenant of works. It is ever fresh, flourishing, and excellent; and under the gospel it is dispensed in a more clear, spiritual, extensive, and powerful manner than of old" (Brown of Haddington). Hence is derived the name given to the latter portion of the Bible. (See {TESTAMENT}.)
From The CIA World Factbook (1995) [world95]:
Notes, Definitions, And Abbreviations There have been some significant changes in this edition. The Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands became the independent nation of Palau. The gross domestic product (GDP) of all countries is now presented on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis rather than on the old exchange rate basis. There is a new entry on Age structure and the Airports entry now includes unpaved runways. The Communications category has been restructured and now includes the entries of Telephone system, Radio, and Television. The remainder of the entries in the former Communications category-Railroads, Highways, Inland waterways, Pipelines, Ports, Merchant marine, and Airports-can now be found under a new category called Transportation. There is a new appendix listing estimates of gross domestic product on an exchange rate basis for all nations. A reference map of the Republic of South Africa is included. The electronic files used to produce the Factbook have been restructured into a database. As a result, the formats of some entries in this edition have been changed. Additional changes will occur in the 1996 Factbook. Abbreviations: (see Appendix B for abbreviations for international organizations and groups and Appendix D for abbreviations for selected international environmental agreements) avdp. -- avoirdupois c.i.f. -- cost, insurance, and freight CY -- calendar year DWT -- deadweight ton est. -- estimate Ex-Im -- Export-Import Bank of the United States f.o.b. -- free on board FRG -- Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany); used for information dated before 3 October 1990 or CY91 FSU -- former Soviet Union FY -- fiscal year FYROM -- The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia GDP -- gross domestic product GDR -- German Democratic Republic (East Germany); used for information dated before 3 October 1990 or CY91 GNP -- gross national product GRT -- gross register ton GWP -- gross world product km -- kilometer kW -- kilowatt kWh -- kilowatt hour m -- meter NA -- not available NEGL -- negligible nm -- nautical mile NZ -- New Zealand ODA -- official development assistance OOF -- other official flows PDRY -- People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen]; used for information dated before 22 May 1990 or CY91 sq km -- square kilometer sq mi -- square mile UAE -- United Arab Emirates UK -- United Kingdom US -- United States USSR -- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union); used for information dated before 25 December 1991 YAR -- Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen]; used for information dated before 22 May 1990 or CY91 Administrative divisions: The numbers, designatory terms, and first-order administrative divisions are generally those approved by the US Board on Geographic Names (BGN). Changes that have been reported but not yet acted on by BGN are noted. Airports: Only airports with usable runways are included in this listing. For airports with more than one runway, only the longest runway is included. Not all airports have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control. Paved runways have concrete or asphalt surfaces; unpaved runways have grass, dirt, sand, or gravel surfaces. Area: Total area is the sum of all land and water areas delimited by international boundaries and/or coastlines. Land area is the aggregate of all surfaces delimited by international boundaries and/or coastlines, excluding inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers). Comparative areas are based on total area equivalents. Most entities are compared with the entire US or one of the 50 states. The smaller entities are compared with Washington, DC (178 sq km, 69 sq mi) or The Mall in Washington, DC (0.59 sq km, 0.23 sq mi, 146 acres). Birth rate: The average annual number of births during a year per 1,000 population at midyear; also known as crude birth rate. Dates of information: In general, information available as of 1 January 1995 is used in the preparation of this edition. Population figures are estimates for 1 July 1995, with population growth rates estimated for calendar year 1995. Major political events have been updated through April 1995. Death rate: The average annual number of deaths during a year per l,000 population at midyear; also known as crude death rate. Digraphs: The digraph is a two-letter "country code" that precisely identifies every entity without overlap, duplication, or omission. AF, for example, is the digraph for Afghanistan. It is a standardized geopolitical data element promulgated in the Federal Information Processing Standards Publication (FIPS) 10-3 by the National Bureau of Standards (now called National Institute of Standards and Technology) at the US Department of Commerce and maintained by the Office of the Geographer at the US Department of State. The digraph is used to eliminate confusion and incompatibility in the collection, processing, and dissemination of area-specific data and is particularly useful for interchanging data between databases. Diplomatic representation: The US Government has diplomatic relations with 184 nations, including 178 of the 185 UN members (excluded UN members are Bhutan, Cuba, Iran, Iraq, North Korea, former Yugoslavia, and the US itself). In addition, the US has diplomatic relations with 6 nations that are not in the UN - Holy See, Kiribati, Nauru, Switzerland, Tonga, and Tuvalu. Economic aid: This entry refers to bilateral commitments of official development assistance (ODA) and other official flows (OOF). ODA is defined as financial assistance which is concessional in character, has the main objective to promote economic development and welfare of LDCs, and contains a grant element of at least 25%. OOF transactions are also official government assistance, but with a main objective other than development and with a grant element less than 25%. OOF transactions include official export credits (such as Ex-Im Bank credits), official equity and portfolio investment, and debt reorganization by the official sector that does not meet concessional terms. Aid is considered to have been committed when agreements are initialed by the parties involved and constitute a formal declaration of intent. Entities: Some of the nations, dependent areas, areas of special sovereignty, and governments included in this publication are not independent, and others are not officially recognized by the US Government. "Nation" refers to a people politically organized into a sovereign state with a definite territory. "Dependent area" refers to a broad category of political entities that are associated in some way with a nation. Names used for page headings are usually the short-form names as approved by the US Board on Geographic Names. There are 266 entities in The World Factbook that may be categorized as follows: NATIONS 184 -- UN members (excluding the former Yugoslavia, which is still counted by the UN) 7 -- nations that are not members of the UN--Holy See, Kiribati, Nauru, Serbia and Montenegro, Switzerland, Tonga, Tuvalu OTHER 1 -- Taiwan DEPENDENT AREAS 6 -- Australia--Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island 2 -- Denmark--Faroe Islands, Greenland 16 -- France--Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French Guiana, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands, Guadeloupe, Juan de Nova Island, Martinique, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Reunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Tromelin Island, Wallis and Futuna 2 -- Netherlands--Aruba, Netherlands Antilles 3 -- New Zealand--Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau 3 -- Norway--Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard 1 -- Portugal--Macau 16 -- United Kingdom--Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Hong Kong, Jersey, Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands 14 -- United States--American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island MISCELLANEOUS 6 -- Antarctica, Gaza Strip, Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, West Bank, Western Sahara OTHER ENTITIES 4 -- oceans--Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean 1 -- World 266 -- total Exchange rate: The official value of a nation's monetary unit at a given date or over a given period of time, as expressed in units of local currency per US dollar and as determined by international market forces or official fiat. GDP methodology: In the "Economy" section, GDP dollar estimates for all countries are derived from purchasing power parity (PPP) calculations rather than from conversions at official currency exchange rates. The PPP method normally involves the use of international dollar price weights, which are applied to the quantities of goods and services produced in a given economy. In addition to the lack of reliable data from the majority of countries, the statistician faces a major difficulty in specifying, identifying, and allowing for the quality of goods and services. The division of a GDP estimate in local currency by the corresponding PPP estimate in dollars gives the PPP conversion rate. On average, one thousand dollars will buy the same market basket of goods in the US as one thousand dollars - converted to the local currency at the PPP conversion rate - will buy in the other country. Whereas PPP estimates for OECD countries are quite reliable, PPP estimates for developing countries are often rough approximations. Most of the GDP estimates are based on extrapolation of numbers published by the UN International Comparison Program and by Professors Robert Summers and Alan Heston of the University of Pennsylvania and their colleagues. Currency exchange rates depend on a variety of international and domestic financial forces that often have little relation to domestic output. In developing countries with weak currencies the exchange rate estimate of GDP in dollars is typically one-fourth to one-half the PPP estimate. Furthermore, exchange rates may suddenly go up or down by 10% or more because of market forces or official fiat whereas real output has remained unchanged. On 12 January 1994, for example, the 14 countries of the African Financial Community (whose currencies are tied to the French franc) devalued their currencies by 50%. This move, of course, did not cut the real output of these countries by half. One important caution: the proportion of, say, defense expenditures as a percentage of GDP in local currency accounts may differ substantially from the proportion when GDP accounts are expressed in PPP terms, as, for example, when an observer tries to estimate the dollar level of Russian or Japanese military expenditures. Note: The numbers for GDP and other economic data can not be chained together from successive volumes of the Factbook because of changes in the US dollar measuring rod, revisions of data by statistical agencies, use of new or different sources of information, and changes in national statistical methods and practices. Gross domestic product (GDP): The value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year. Gross national product (GNP): The value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year, plus income earned abroad, minus income earned by foreigners from domestic production. Gross world product (GWP): The aggregate value of all goods and services produced worldwide in a given year. Growth rate (population): The annual percent change in the population, resulting from a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths and the balance of migrants entering and leaving a country. The rate may be positive or negative. Illicit drugs: There are five categories of illicit drugs - narcotics, stimulants, depressants (sedatives), hallucinogens, and cannabis. These categories include many drugs legally produced and prescribed by doctors as well as those illegally produced and sold outside medical channels. Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) is the common hemp plant, which provides hallucinogens with some sedative properties, and includes marijuana (pot, Acapulco gold, grass, reefer), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, Marinol), hashish (hash), and hashish oil (hash oil). Coca (Erythroxylum coca) is a bush, and the leaves contain the stimulant used to make cocaine. Coca is not to be confused with cocoa, which comes from cacao seeds and is used in making chocolate, cocoa, and cocoa butter. Cocaine is a stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca bush. Depressants (sedatives) are drugs that reduce tension and anxiety and include chloral hydrate, barbiturates (Amytal, Nembutal, Seconal, phenobarbital), benzodiazepines (Librium, Valium), methaqualone (Quaalude), glutethimide (Doriden), and others (Equanil, Placidyl, Valmid). Drugs are any chemical substances that effect a physical, mental, emotional, or behavioral change in an individual. Drug abuse is the use of any licit or illicit chemical substance that results in physical, mental, emotional, or behavioral impairment in an individual. Hallucinogens are drugs that affect sensation, thinking, self-awareness, and emotion. Hallucinogens include LSD (acid, microdot), mescaline and peyote (mexc, buttons, cactus), amphetamine variants (PMA, STP, DOB), phencyclidine (PCP, angel dust, hog), phencyclidine analogues (PCE, PCPy, TCP), and others (psilocybin, psilocyn). Hashish is the resinous exudate of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis sativa). Heroin is a semisynthetic derivative of morphine. Mandrax is the Southwest Asian slang term for methaqualone, a pharmaceutical depressant. Marijuana is the dried leaves of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis sativa). Methaqualone is a pharmaceutical depressant, in slang referred to as Quaaludes in North America or Mandrax in Southwest Asia Narcotics are drugs that relieve pain, often induce sleep, and refer to opium, opium derivatives, and synthetic substitutes. Natural narcotics include opium (paregoric, parepectolin), morphine (MS-Contin, Roxanol), codeine (Tylenol with codeine, Empirin with codeine, Robitussan AC), and thebaine. Semisynthetic narcotics include heroin (horse, smack), and hydromorphone (Dilaudid). Synthetic narcotics include meperidine or Pethidine (Demerol, Mepergan), methadone (Dolophine, Methadose), and others (Darvon, Lomotil). Opium is the milky exudate of the incised, unripe seedpod of the opium poppy. Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is the source for many natural and semisynthetic narcotics. Poppy straw concentrate is the alkaloid derived from the mature dried opium poppy. Qat (kat, khat) is a stimulant from the buds or leaves of catha edulis that is chewed or drunk as tea. Quaaludes is the North American slang term for methaqualone, a pharmaceutical depressant. Stimulants are drugs that relieve mild depression, increase energy and activity, and include cocaine (coke, snow, crack), amphetamines (Desoxyn, Dexedrine), phenmetrazine (Preludin), methylphenidate (Ritalin), and others (Cylert, Sanorex, Tenuate). Infant mortality rate: The number of deaths to infants under one year old in a given year per l,000 live births occurring in the same year. International disputes: This category includes a wide variety of situations that range from traditional bilateral boundary disputes to unilateral claims of one sort or another. Information regarding disputes over international boundaries and maritime boundaries has been reviewed by the Department of State. References to other situations involving borders or frontiers may also be included, such as resource disputes, geopolitical questions, or irredentist issues. However, inclusion does not necessarily constitute official acceptance or recognition by the US Government. Irrigated land: The figure refers to the land area that is artificially supplied with water. Land use: The land surface is categorized as arable land - land cultivated for crops that are replanted after each harvest (wheat, maize, rice); permanent crops - land cultivated for crops that are not replanted after each harvest (citrus, coffee, rubber); meadows and pastures - land permanently used for herbaceous forage crops; forest and woodland - under dense or open stands of trees; and other - any land type not specifically mentioned above (urban areas, roads, desert). Leaders: The chief of state is the titular leader of the country who represents the state at official and ceremonial functions but is not involved with the day- to-day activities of the government. The head of government is the administrative leader who manages the day-to-day activities of the government. In the UK, the monarch is the chief of state, and the Prime Minister is the head of government. In the US, the President is both the chief of state and the head of government. Life expectancy at birth: The average number of years to be lived by a group of people all born in the same year, if mortality at each age remains constant in the future. Literacy: There are no universal definitions and standards of literacy. Unless otherwise noted, all rates are based on the most common definition - the ability to read and write at a specified age. Detailing the standards that individual countries use to assess the ability to read and write is beyond the scope of this publication. Maritime claims: The proximity of neighboring states may prevent some national claims from being extended the full distance. Merchant marine: All ships engaged in the carriage of goods. All commercial vessels (as opposed to all nonmilitary ships), which excludes tugs, fishing vessels, offshore oil rigs, etc. Also, a grouping of merchant ships by nationality or register. Captive register - A register of ships maintained by a territory, possession, or colony primarily or exclusively for the use of ships owned in the parent country; also referred to as an offshore register, the offshore equivalent of an internal register. Ships on a captive register will fly the same flag as the parent country, or a local variant of it, but will be subject to the maritime laws and taxation rules of the offshore territory. Although the nature of a captive register makes it especially desirable for ships owned in the parent country, just as in the internal register, the ships may also be owned abroad. The captive register then acts as a flag of convenience register, except that it is not the register of an independent state. Flag of convenience register - A national register offering registration to a merchant ship not owned in the flag state. The major flags of convenience (FOC) attract ships to their registers by virtue of low fees, low or nonexistent taxation of profits, and liberal manning requirements. True FOC registers are characterized by having relatively few of the ships registered actually owned in the flag state. Thus, while virtually any flag can be used for ships under a given set of circumstances, an FOC register is one where the majority of the merchant fleet is owned abroad. It is also referred to as an open register. Flag state - The nation in which a ship is registered and which holds legal jurisdiction over operation of the ship, whether at home or abroad. Flag state maritime legislation determines how a ship is manned and taxed and whether a foreign-owned ship may be placed on the register. Internal register - A register of ships maintained as a subset of a national register. Ships on the internal register fly the national flag and have that nationality but are subject to a separate set of maritime rules from those on the main national register. These differences usually include lower taxation of profits, manning by foreign nationals, and, usually, ownership outside the flag state (when it functions as an FOC register). The Norwegian International Ship Register and Danish International Ship Register are the most notable examples of an internal register. Both have been instrumental in stemming flight from the national flag to flags of convenience and in attracting foreign owned ships to the Norwegian and Danish flags. Merchant ship - A vessel that carries goods against payment of freight; commonly used to denote any nonmilitary ship but accurately restricted to commercial vessels only. Register - The record of a ship's ownership and nationality as listed with the maritime authorities of a country; also, the compendium of such individual ships' registrations. Registration of a ship provides it with a nationality and makes it subject to the laws of the country in which registered (the flag state) regardless of the nationality of the ship's ultimate owner. Money figures: All money figures are expressed in contemporaneous US dollars unless otherwise indicated. National product: The total output of goods and services in a country in a given year. See GDP methodology, Gross domestic product (GDP), and Gross national product (GNP). Net migration rate: The balance between the number of persons entering and leaving a country during the year per 1,000 persons (based on midyear population). An excess of persons entering the country is referred to as net immigration (3.56 migrants/1,000 population); an excess of persons leaving the country as net emigration (-9.26 migrants/1,000 population). Population: Figures are estimates from the Bureau of the Census based on statistics from population censuses, vital statistics registration systems, or sample surveys pertaining to the recent past, and on assumptions about future trends. Starting with the 1993 Factbook, demographic estimates for some countries (mostly African) have taken into account the effects of the growing incidence of AIDS infections; in 1993 these countries were Burkina, Burundi, Central African Republic, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Thailand, Brazil, and Haiti. Telephone numbers: All telephone numbers presented in the Factbook consist of the country code in brackets, the city or area code (where required) in parentheses, and the local number. The one component that is not presented is the international access code which varies from country to country. For example, an international direct dial phone call placed from the United States to Madrid, Spain, would be as follows: 011 [34] (1) 577-xxxx where 011 is the international access code for station-to-station calls (01 is for calls other than station-to-station calls), [34] is the country code for Spain, (1) is the city code for Madrid, 577 is the local exchange, and xxxx is the local telephone number. An international direct dial phone call placed from another country to the United States would be as follows: international access code + [1] (202) 939-xxxx where [1] is the country code for the United States, (202) is the area code for Washington, DC, 939 is the local exchange, and xxxx is the local telephone number. Total fertility rate: The average number of children that would be born per woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years and bore children according to a given fertility rate at each age. Years: All year references are for the calendar year (CY) unless indicated as fiscal year (FY). FY93/94 refers to the fiscal year that began in calendar year 1993 and ended in calendar year 1994 as defined in the Fiscal Year entry of the Economy section for each nation. FY90-94 refers to the four fiscal years that began in calendar year 1990 and ended in calendar year 1994. Note: Information for the US and US dependencies was compiled from material in the public domain and does not represent Intelligence Community estimates. The Handbook of International Economic Statistics, published annually in September by the Central Intelligence Agency, contains detailed economic information for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, Eastern Europe, the newly independent republics of the former nations of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, and selected other countries. The Handbook can be obtained wherever The World Factbook is available.