Caesaropapism
         n 1: the doctrine that the state is supreme over the church in
               ecclesiastical matters [syn: {Erastianism}, {Byzantinism},
               {Caesaropapism}]

English Dictionary: cascara buckthorn	by the DICT Development Group
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
cascara buckthorn n shrubby tree of the Pacific coast of the United States; yields cascara sagrada Synonym(s): cascara buckthorn, bearberry, bearwood, chittamwood, chittimwood, Rhamnus purshianus
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
cassareep n a flavoring made by boiling down the juice of the bitter cassava; used in West Indian cooking
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Casuariiformes n a ratite bird order: cassowaries and emus [syn: Casuariiformes, order Casuariiformes]
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Cecropia n large genus of tropical American trees that yield a bast fiber used for cordage and bark used in tanning; milky juice yields caoutchouc Synonym(s): Cecropia, genus Cecropia North American silkworm moth; larvae feed on the leaves of forest trees Synonym(s): cecropia, cecropia moth, Hyalophora cecropia
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
cecropia moth n North American silkworm moth; larvae feed on the leaves of forest trees Synonym(s): cecropia, cecropia moth, Hyalophora cecropia
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Cecropia peltata n tropical American tree with large peltate leaves and hollow stems Synonym(s): trumpetwood, trumpet-wood, trumpet tree, snake wood, imbauba, Cecropia peltata
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Cecropiaceae n in some classifications included in family Moraceae [syn: Cecropiaceae, family Cecropiaceae]
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Cesar Franck n French composer and teacher who influenced a generation of composers (1822-1890) Synonym(s): Franck, Cesar Franck
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Cesare Borgia n Italian cardinal and military leader; model for Machiavelli's prince (1475-1507) Synonym(s): Borgia, Cesare Borgia
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
checker board n a board having 64 squares of two alternating colors [syn: checkerboard, checker board]
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
checkerberry n creeping shrub of eastern North America having white bell- shaped flowers followed by spicy red berrylike fruit and shiny aromatic leaves that yield wintergreen oil Synonym(s): teaberry, wintergreen, checkerberry, mountain tea, groundberry, ground-berry, creeping wintergreen, Gaultheria procumbens spicy red berrylike fruit; source of wintergreen oil Synonym(s): wintergreen, boxberry, checkerberry, teaberry, spiceberry
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
checkerbloom n perennial purple-flowered wild mallow of western North America that is also cultivated Synonym(s): checkerbloom, wild hollyhock, Sidalcea malviflora
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
checkerboard n a board having 64 squares of two alternating colors [syn: checkerboard, checker board]
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
chicory plant n perennial Old World herb having rayed flower heads with blue florets cultivated for its root and its heads of crisp edible leaves used in salads Synonym(s): chicory, succory, chicory plant, Cichorium intybus
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
chigger flower n erect perennial of eastern and southern United States having showy orange flowers Synonym(s): butterfly weed, orange milkweed, chigger flower, chiggerflower, pleurisy root, tuber root, Indian paintbrush, Asclepias tuberosa
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
chiggerflower n erect perennial of eastern and southern United States having showy orange flowers Synonym(s): butterfly weed, orange milkweed, chigger flower, chiggerflower, pleurisy root, tuber root, Indian paintbrush, Asclepias tuberosa
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
chukker-brown adj snuff colored; of a greyish to yellowish brown [syn: snuff, snuff-brown, mummy-brown, chukker-brown]
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
cigar band n a narrow paper band around a cigar
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
cigar box n a box for holding cigars
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
cigar butt n small part of a cigar that is left after smoking
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
cigar-box cedar n fragrant wood much used for cigar boxes
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
cigarfish n small fusiform fish of western Atlantic [syn: round scad, cigarfish, quiaquia, Decapterus punctatus]
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
cocarboxylase n a coenzyme important in respiration in the Krebs cycle Synonym(s): cocarboxylase, thiamine pyrophosphate
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Cockcroft n British physicist who (with Ernest Walton in 1931) first split an atom (1897-1967) Synonym(s): Cockcroft, Sir John Cockcroft, Sir John Douglas Cockcroft
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Cockcroft and Walton accelerator n a high-voltage machine in which rectifiers charge capacitors that discharge and drive charged particles through an accelerating tube Synonym(s): Cockcroft and Walton accelerator, Cockcroft-Walton accelerator, Cockcroft and Walton voltage multiplier, Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Cockcroft and Walton voltage multiplier n a high-voltage machine in which rectifiers charge capacitors that discharge and drive charged particles through an accelerating tube Synonym(s): Cockcroft and Walton accelerator, Cockcroft-Walton accelerator, Cockcroft and Walton voltage multiplier, Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Cockcroft-Walton accelerator n a high-voltage machine in which rectifiers charge capacitors that discharge and drive charged particles through an accelerating tube Synonym(s): Cockcroft and Walton accelerator, Cockcroft-Walton accelerator, Cockcroft and Walton voltage multiplier, Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier n a high-voltage machine in which rectifiers charge capacitors that discharge and drive charged particles through an accelerating tube Synonym(s): Cockcroft and Walton accelerator, Cockcroft-Walton accelerator, Cockcroft and Walton voltage multiplier, Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
cookery book n a book of recipes and cooking directions [syn: cookbook, cookery book]
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Coosa River n river that rises in northwestern Georgia and flows southwest through eastern Alabama to join the Tallapoosa River near Montgomery and form the Alabama River Synonym(s): Coosa, Coosa River
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
coscoroba n large white South American bird intermediate in some respects between ducks and swans
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
cucurbit n any plant of the family Cucurbitaceae
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Cucurbita n type genus of the Cucurbitaceae [syn: Cucurbita, {genus Cucurbita}]
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Cucurbita argyrosperma n plant bearing squash having globose to ovoid fruit with variously striped grey and green and white warty rinds Synonym(s): cushaw, Cucurbita mixta, Cucurbita argyrosperma
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Cucurbita foetidissima n perennial vine of dry parts of central and southwestern United States and Mexico having small hard mottled green inedible fruit Synonym(s): prairie gourd, prairie gourd vine, Missouri gourd, wild pumpkin, buffalo gourd, calabazilla, Cucurbita foetidissima
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Cucurbita maxima n plant bearing buff-colored squash having somewhat bottle- shaped fruit with fine-textured edible flesh and a smooth thin rind Synonym(s): butternut squash, Cucurbita maxima any of several winter squash plants producing large greyish- green football-shaped fruit with a rough warty rind Synonym(s): hubbard squash, Cucurbita maxima
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Cucurbita maxima turbaniformis n squash plants bearing hard-shelled fruit shaped somewhat like a turban with a rounded central portion protruding from the end opposite the stem Synonym(s): turban squash, Cucurbita maxima turbaniformis
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Cucurbita mixta n plant bearing squash having globose to ovoid fruit with variously striped grey and green and white warty rinds Synonym(s): cushaw, Cucurbita mixta, Cucurbita argyrosperma
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Cucurbita moschata n any of various plants bearing squash having hard rinds and elongated recurved necks Synonym(s): winter crookneck, winter crookneck squash, Cucurbita moschata
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Cucurbita pepo n a coarse vine widely cultivated for its large pulpy round orange fruit with firm orange skin and numerous seeds; subspecies of Cucurbita pepo include the summer squashes and a few autumn squashes Synonym(s): pumpkin, pumpkin vine, autumn pumpkin, Cucurbita pepo
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Cucurbita pepo melopepo n any of various usually bushy plants producing fruit that is eaten while immature and before the rind or seeds harden Synonym(s): summer squash, summer squash vine, Cucurbita pepo melopepo
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Cucurbitaceae n a family of herbaceous vines (such as cucumber or melon or squash or pumpkin) Synonym(s): Cucurbitaceae, family Cucurbitaceae, gourd family
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
cucurbitaceous adj of or relating to plants of the family Cucurbitaceae
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Czech Republic n a landlocked republic in central Europe; separated from Slovakia in 1993
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Cascara buckthorn \Cas"ca*ra buck"thorn`\ (Bot.)       The buckthorn ({Rhamnus Purshiana}) of the Pacific coast of       the United States, which yields cascara sagrada.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Cassareep \Cas"sa*reep\, n.       A condiment made from the sap of the bitter cassava ({Manihot       utilissima}) deprived of its poisonous qualities,       concentrated by boiling, and flavored with aromatics. See       {Pepper pot}.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Trumpetwood \Trump"et*wood`\, n. (Bot.)       A tropical American tree ({Cecropia peltata}) of the       Breadfruit family, having hollow stems, which are used for       wind instruments; -- called also {snakewood}, and {trumpet       tree}.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Checkerberry \Check"er*ber`ry\ (-b[ecr]r"r[ycr]), n.; pl.       {Checkerberries}. (Bot.)       A spicy plant and its bright red berry; the wintergreen       ({Gaultheria procumbens}). Also incorrectly applied to the       partridge berry ({Mitchella repens}).
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Wintergreen \Win"ter*green`\, n. (Bot.)       A plant which keeps its leaves green through the winter.          Note: In England, the name wintergreen is applied to the                species of {Pyrola} which in America are called                {English wintergreen}, and {shin leaf} (see Shin leaf,                under {Shin}.) In America, the name wintergreen is                given to {Gaultheria procumbens}, a low evergreen                aromatic plant with oval leaves clustered at the top of                a short stem, and bearing small white flowers followed                by red berries; -- called also {checkerberry}, and                sometimes, though improperly, {partridge berry}.          {Chickweed wintergreen}, a low perennial primulaceous herb             ({Trientalis Americana}); -- also called {star flower}.          {Flowering wintergreen}, a low plant ({Polygala paucifolia})             with leaves somewhat like those of the wintergreen             ({Gaultheria}), and bearing a few showy, rose-purple             blossoms.          {Spotted wintergreen}, a low evergreen plant ({Chimaphila             maculata}) with ovate, white-spotted leaves.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Checkerberry \Check"er*ber`ry\ (-b[ecr]r"r[ycr]), n.; pl.       {Checkerberries}. (Bot.)       A spicy plant and its bright red berry; the wintergreen       ({Gaultheria procumbens}). Also incorrectly applied to the       partridge berry ({Mitchella repens}).
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Wintergreen \Win"ter*green`\, n. (Bot.)       A plant which keeps its leaves green through the winter.          Note: In England, the name wintergreen is applied to the                species of {Pyrola} which in America are called                {English wintergreen}, and {shin leaf} (see Shin leaf,                under {Shin}.) In America, the name wintergreen is                given to {Gaultheria procumbens}, a low evergreen                aromatic plant with oval leaves clustered at the top of                a short stem, and bearing small white flowers followed                by red berries; -- called also {checkerberry}, and                sometimes, though improperly, {partridge berry}.          {Chickweed wintergreen}, a low perennial primulaceous herb             ({Trientalis Americana}); -- also called {star flower}.          {Flowering wintergreen}, a low plant ({Polygala paucifolia})             with leaves somewhat like those of the wintergreen             ({Gaultheria}), and bearing a few showy, rose-purple             blossoms.          {Spotted wintergreen}, a low evergreen plant ({Chimaphila             maculata}) with ovate, white-spotted leaves.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Checkerberry \Check"er*ber`ry\ (-b[ecr]r"r[ycr]), n.; pl.       {Checkerberries}. (Bot.)       A spicy plant and its bright red berry; the wintergreen       ({Gaultheria procumbens}). Also incorrectly applied to the       partridge berry ({Mitchella repens}).
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Checkerboard \Check"er*board\ (-b[omac]rd`), n.       A board with sixty-four squares of alternate color, used for       playing checkers or draughts.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Rib \Rib\, n. [AS. rib, ribb; akin to D. rib, G. rippe, OHG.       rippa, rippi, Dan. ribbe, Icel. rif, Russ. rebro.]       1. (Anat.) One of the curved bones attached to the vertebral             column and supporting the lateral walls of the thorax.          Note: In man there are twelve ribs on each side, of which the                upper seven are directly connected with the sternum by                cartilages, and are called sternal, or true, ribs. The                remaining five pairs are called asternal, or false,                ribs, and of these each of the three upper pairs is                attached to the cartilage of the rib above, while the                two lower pairs are free at the ventral ends, and are                called floating ribs. See {Thorax}.          2. That which resembles a rib in form or use. Specifically:             (a) (Shipbuilding) One of the timbers, or bars of iron or                   steel, that branch outward and upward from the keel,                   to support the skin or planking, and give shape and                   strength to the vessel.             (b) (Mach. & Structures) A ridge, fin, or wing, as on a                   plate, cylinder, beam, etc., to strengthen or stiffen                   it.             (c) One of the rods on which the cover of an umbrella is                   extended.             (d) A prominent line or ridge, as in cloth.             (e) A longitudinal strip of metal uniting the barrels of a                   double-barreled gun.          3. (Bot.) The chief nerve, or one of the chief nerves, of a             leaf.             (b) Any longitudinal ridge in a plant.          4. (Arch.)             (a) In Gothic vaulting, one of the primary members of the                   vault. These are strong arches, meeting and crossing                   one another, dividing the whole space into triangles,                   which are then filled by vaulted construction of                   lighter material. Hence, an imitation of one of these                   in wood, plaster, or the like.             (b) A projecting mold, or group of moldings, forming with                   others a pattern, as on a ceiling, ornamental door, or                   the like.          5. (Mining)             (a) Solid coal on the side of a gallery; solid ore in a                   vein.             (b) An elongated pillar of ore or coal left as a support.                   --Raymond.          6. A wife; -- in allusion to Eve, as made out of Adam's rib.             [Familiar & Sportive]                         How many have we known whose heads have been broken                      with their own rib.                           --Bp. Hall.          {Chuck rib}, a cut of beef immediately in front of the middle             rib. See {Chuck}.          {Fore ribs}, a cut of beef immediately in front of the             sirloin.          {Middle rib}, a cut of beef between the chuck rib and the             fore ribs.          {Rib grass}. (Bot.) Same as {Ribwort}.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Cigar \Ci*gar"\, n. [Sp. cigarro, orig., a kind of tobacco in       the island of Cuba: cf. F. cigare.]       A small roll of tobacco, used for smoking.          {Cigar fish} (Zo[94]l.), a fish ({Decapterus punctatus}),             allied to the mackerel, found on the coast of the Gulf of             Mexico.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Coacervate \Co`a*cer"vate\, v. t.       To heap up; to pile. [R.]
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Coacervate \Co`a*cer"vate\, a. [L. coacervatus, p. p. of       coacervare to heap up; co- + acervare. See {Acervate}.]       Raised into a pile; collected into a crowd; heaped. [R.]       --Bacon.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Coacervation \Co*ac`er*va"tion\, n. [L. coacervatio.]       A heaping together. [R.] --Bacon.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Congreve \Con"greve\, n. [After Sir William Congreve, the       inventor.]       1. Short for          {Cogreve rocket}, a powerful form of rocket formerly used in             war, either in the field or for bombardment. In the former             case it was armed with shell, shrapnel, or other missiles;             in the latter, with an inextinguishable explosive             material, inclosed in a metallic case. It was guided by a             long wooden stick.          2. Short for          {Congreve match}, an early friction match, containing             sulphur, potassium chlorate, and antimony sulphide.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Cucurbit \Cu*cur"bit\ Cucurbite    \Cu*cur"bite\(k[usl]*k[ucir]r"b[icr]t), n. [L. cucurbita a       gourd: cf. F. cucurbite. See {Gourd}.] (Chem.)       A vessel or flask for distillation, used with, or forming       part of, an alembic; a matrass; -- originally in the shape of       a gourd, with a wide mouth. See {Alembic}.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Crookneck \Crook"neck`\, n.       Either of two varieties of squash, distinguished by their       tapering, recurved necks. The {summer crookneck} is       botanically a variety of the pumpkin ({Cucurbita pepo}) and       matures early in the season. It is pale yellow in color, with       warty excrescences. The {winter crookneck} belongs to a       distinct species ({C. moschata}) and is smooth and often       striped. [U. S.]
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Pumpkin \Pump"kin\, n. [For older pompion, pompon, OF. pompon,       L. pepo, peponis, Gr. [?], properly, cooked by the sun, ripe,       mellow; -- so called because not eaten till ripe. Cf. {Cook},       n.] (Bot.)       A well-known trailing plant ({Cucurbita pepo}) and its fruit,       -- used for cooking and for feeding stock; a pompion.          {Pumpkin seed}.       (a) The flattish oval seed of the pumpkin.       (b) (Zo[94]l.) The common pondfish.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Squash \Squash\, n. [Massachusetts Indian asq, pl. asquash, raw,       green, immaturate, applied to fruit and vegetables which were       used when green, or without cooking; askutasquash vine       apple.] (Bot.)       A plant and its fruit of the genus {Cucurbita}, or gourd       kind.          Note: The species are much confused. The long-neck squash is                called {Cucurbita verrucosa}, the Barbary or China                squash, {C. moschata}, and the great winter squash, {C.                maxima}, but the distinctions are not clear.          {Squash beetle} (Zo[94]l.), a small American beetle             ({Diabrotica, [or] Galeruca vittata}) which is often             abundant and very injurious to the leaves of squash,             cucumber, etc. It is striped with yellow and black. The             name is applied also to other allied species.          {Squash bug} (Zo[94]l.), a large black American hemipterous             insect ({Coreus, [or] Anasa, tristis}) injurious to squash             vines.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Cucurbitaceous \Cu*cur`bi*ta"ceous\ (-b[icr]*t[amac]"sh[ucr]s),       a. [Cf. F. cucurbitac[82].] (Bot.)       Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a family of plants of which       the cucumber, melon, and gourd are common examples.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Cucurbit \Cu*cur"bit\ Cucurbite    \Cu*cur"bite\(k[usl]*k[ucir]r"b[icr]t), n. [L. cucurbita a       gourd: cf. F. cucurbite. See {Gourd}.] (Chem.)       A vessel or flask for distillation, used with, or forming       part of, an alembic; a matrass; -- originally in the shape of       a gourd, with a wide mouth. See {Alembic}.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Cucurbitive \Cu*cur"bi*tive\ (k?-k?r"b?-t?v), a.       Having the shape of a gourd seed; -- said of certain small       worms.
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]:
Cheshire Village, CT (CDP, FIPS 14200)       Location: 41.50420 N, 72.90014 W       Population (1990): 5759 (2294 housing units)       Area: 8.7 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water)
From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]:
CGI script          {CGI program}
From Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary [easton]:
Caesara Philippi       a city on the northeast of the marshy plain of el-Huleh, 120       miles north of Jerusalem, and 20 miles north of the Sea of       Galilee, at the "upper source" of the Jordan, and near the base       of Mount Hermon. It is mentioned in Matt. 16:13 and Mark 8:27 as       the northern limit of our Lord's public ministry. According to       some its original name was Baal-Gad (Josh. 11:17), or       Baal-Hermon (Judg. 3:3; 1 Chr. 5:23), when it was a Canaanite       sanctuary of Baal. It was afterwards called Panium or Paneas,       from a deep cavern full of water near the town. This name was       given to the cavern by the Greeks of the Macedonian kingdom of       Antioch because of its likeness to the grottos of Greece, which       were always associated with the worship of their god Pan. Its       modern name is Banias. Here Herod built a temple, which he       dedicated to Augustus Caesar. This town was afterwards enlarged       and embellished by Herod Philip, the tetrarch of Trachonitis, of       whose territory it formed a part, and was called by him Caesarea       Philippi, partly after his own name, and partly after that of       the emperor Tiberius Caesar. It is thus distinguished from the       Caesarea of Palestine. (See {JORDAN}.)
From The CIA World Factbook (1995) [world95]:
Czech Republic       Czech Republic:Geography       Location: Central Europe, southeast of Germany       Map references: Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe       Area:    total area: 78,703 sq km    land area: 78,645 sq km    comparative area: slightly smaller than South Carolina       Land boundaries: total 1,880 km, Austria 362 km, Germany 646 km,    Poland 658 km, Slovakia 214 km       Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)       Maritime claims: none; landlocked       International disputes: Liechtenstein claims restitution for l,600    square kilometers of Czech territory confiscated from its royal family    in 1918; Sudeten German claims for restitution of property confiscated    in connection with their expulsion after World War II versus the Czech    Republic claims that restitution does not preceed before February 1948    when the Communists seized power; unresolved property issues with    Slovakia over redistribution of property of the former Czechoslovak    federal government       Climate: temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters       Terrain: two main regions: Bohemia in the west, consisting of rolling    plains, hills, and plateaus surrounded by low mountains; and Moravia    in the east, consisting of very hilly country       Natural resources: hard coal, soft coal, kaolin, clay, graphite       Land use:    arable land: NA%    permanent crops: NA%    meadows and pastures: NA%    forest and woodland: NA%    other: NA%       Irrigated land: NA sq km       Environment:    current issues: air and water pollution in areas of northwest Bohemia    centered around Zeplica and in northern Moravia around Ostrava present    health risks; acid rain damaging forests    natural hazards: NA    international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air    Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic Treaty,    Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental    Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer    Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Air    Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of the Sea       Note: landlocked; strategically located astride some of oldest and    most significant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a traditional    military corridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in    central Europe       Czech Republic:People       Population: 10,432,774 (July 1995 est.)       Age structure:    0-14 years: 19% (female 981,918; male 1,030,003)    15-64 years: 68% (female 3,529,411; male 3,530,112)    65 years and over: 13% (female 848,599; male 512,731) (July 1995 est.)       Population growth rate: 0.26% (1995 est.)       Birth rate: 13.46 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)       Death rate: 10.85 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)       Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)       Infant mortality rate: 8.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)       Life expectancy at birth:    total population: 73.54 years    male: 69.87 years    female: 77.41 years (1995 est.)       Total fertility rate: 1.84 children born/woman (1995 est.)       Nationality:    noun: Czech(s)    adjective: Czech    note: 300,000 Slovaks declared themselves Czech citizens in 1994       Ethnic divisions: Czech 94.4%, Slovak 3%, Polish 0.6%, German 0.5%,    Gypsy 0.3%, Hungarian 0.2%, other 1%       Religions: atheist 39.8%, Roman Catholic 39.2%, Protestant 4.6%,    Orthodox 3%, other 13.4%       Languages: Czech, Slovak       Literacy: can read and write    total population: 99%       Labor force: 5.389 million    by occupation: industry 37.9%, agriculture 8.1%, construction 8.8%,    communications and other 45.2% (1990)       Czech Republic:Government       Names:    conventional long form: Czech Republic    conventional short form: Czech Republic    local long form: Ceska Republika    local short form: Cechy       Digraph: EZ       Type: parliamentary democracy       Capital: Prague       Administrative divisions: 8 regions (kraje, kraj - singular);    Jihocesky, Jihomoravsky, Praha, Severocesky, Severomoravsky,    Stredocesky, Vychodocesky, Zapadocesky       Independence: 1 January 1993 (from Czechoslovakia)       National holiday: National Liberation Day, 9 May; Founding of the    Republic, 28 October       Constitution: ratified 16 December 1992; effective 1 January 1993       Legal system: civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; has    not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code modified to bring    it in line with Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe    (OSCE) obligations and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory       Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal       Executive branch:    chief of state: President Vaclav HAVEL (since 26 January 1993);    election last held 26 January 1993 (next to be held NA January 1998);    results - Vaclav HAVEL elected by the National Council    head of government: Prime Minister Vaclav KLAUS (since NA June 1992);    Deputy Prime Ministers Ivan KOCARNIK, Josef LUX, Jan KALVODA (since NA    June 1992)    cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president on recommendation of the    prime minister       Legislative branch: bicameral National Council (Narodni rada)    Senate: elections not yet held; seats (81 total)    Chamber of Deputies: elections last held 5-6 June 1992 (next to be    held NA 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA given breakup and    realignment of all parliamentary opposition parties since 1992; seats    - (200 total) governing coalition: ODS 65, KDS 10, ODA 16, KDU-CSL 15,    opposition: CSSD 18, LB 25, KSCM 10, LSU 9, LSNS 5, CMSS 9, SPR-RSC 6,    independents 12       Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Constitutional Court       Political parties and leaders:    governing coalition: Civic Democratic Party (ODS), Vaclav KLAUS,    chairman; Christian Democratic Party (KDS), Ivan PILIP, chairman;    Civic Democratic Alliance (ODA), Jan KALVODA, chairman; Christian    Democratic Union/Czech People's Party (KDU-CSL), Josef LUX, chairman    opposition: Czech Social Democrats (CSSD - left opposition), Milos    ZEMAN, chairman; Left Bloc (LB - left opposition), Marie STIBOROVA,    chairman; Communist Party (KSCM - left opposition), Miroslav    GREBENICEK, chairman; Liberal Social Union (LSU - left opposition),    Frantisek TRNKA, chairman; Liberal National Social Party (LSNS -    center party), Pavel HIRS, chairman; Bohemian-Moravian Center Party    (CMSS - center party), Jan KYCER, chairman; Assembly for the Republic    (SPR-RSC - right radical) , Miroslav SLADEK, chairman       Other political or pressure groups: Czech-Moravian Chamber of Trade    Unions; Civic Movement       Member of: Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE (guest), CEI, CERN, EBRD,    ECE, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO,    IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU,    NACC, NSG, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMIL, UNOMOZ,    UNPROFOR, UPU, WEU (associate partner), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC       Diplomatic representation in US:    chief of mission: Ambassador Michael ZANTOVSKY    chancery: 3900 Spring of Freedom Street NW, Washington, DC 20008    telephone: [1] (202) 363-6315, 6316    FAX: [1] (202) 966-8540       US diplomatic representation:    chief of mission: Ambassador Adrian A. BASORA    embassy: Trziste 15, 11801 Prague 1    mailing address: Unit 1330; APO AE 09213-1330    telephone: [42] (2) 2451-0847    FAX: [42] (2) 2451-1001       Flag: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue    isosceles triangle based on the hoist side (almost identical to the    flag of the former Czechoslovakia)       Economy       Overview: The government of the Czech Republic, using successful    stabilization policies to bolster its claims to full membership in the    western economic community, has reduced inflation to 10%, kept    unemployment at 3%, balanced the budget, run trade surpluses, and    reoriented exports to the EU since the breakup of the Czechoslovak    federation on 1 January 1993. GDP grew 2% in 1994 after stagnating in    1993 and contracting nearly 20% since 1990. Prague's mass    privatization program, including its innovative distribution of    ownership shares to Czech citizens via 'coupon vouchers,' has made the    most rapid progress in Eastern Europe. When coupon shares are    distributed in early 1995, 75%-80% of the economy will be in private    hands or partially privatized, according to the Czech government.    Privatized companies still face major problems in restructuring; the    number of annual bankruptcies quadrupled in 1994. In September 1994,    Prague repaid $471 million in IMF loans five years ahead of schedule,    making the Czech Republic the first East European country to pay off    all IMF debts. Despite these outlays, hard-currency reserves in the    banking system totaled more than $8.5 billion in October. Standard &    Poor's boosted the Republic's credit rating to BBB+ in mid-1994 - up    from a BBB rating that was already two steps higher than Hungary's and    one step above Greece's rating. Prague forecasts a balanced budget, at    least 3% GDP growth, 5% unemployment, and single-digit inflation for    1995. Inflationary pressures - primarily as a result of foreign bank    lending to Czech enterprises but perhaps also due to eased currency    convertibility controls - are likely to be the most troublesome issues    in 1995. Continuing economic recovery in Western Europe should boost    Czech exports and production but a substantial increase in prices    could erode the Republic's comparative advantage in low wages and    exchange rates. Prague already took steps in 1994 to increase control    over banking policies to neutralize the impact of foreign inflows on    the money supply. Although Czech unemployment is currently the lowest    in Central Europe, it will probably increase 1-2 percentage points in    1995 as large state firms go bankrupt or are restructured and service    sector growth slows.       National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $76.5 billion (1994    est.)       National product real growth rate: 2.2% (1994 est.)       National product per capita: $7,350 (1994 est.)       Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10.2% (1994 est.)       Unemployment rate: 3.2% (1994 est.)       Budget:    revenues: $14 billion    expenditures: $13.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA    (1994 est.)       Exports: $13.4 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.)    commodities: manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment,    chemicals, fuels, minerals, metals, agricultural products    (January-November 1994)    partners: Germany 28.7%, Slovakia 15.5%, Austria 7.9%, Italy 6.4%,    France 3.2%, Russia 3.2%, Poland 3.1%, UK 2.9%, Netherlands 2.4%,    Hungary 2.2%, US 2.1%, Belgium 1.3% (January-June 1994)       Imports: $13.3 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.)    commodities: machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods,    chemicals, fuels and lubricants, raw materials, agricultural products    (January-November 1994)    partners: Germany 24.1%, Slovakia 15.6%, Russia 9.8%, Austria 7.6%,    Italy 4.9%, France 3.6%, US 3.2%, Netherlands 2.9%, UK 2.8%, Poland    2.7%, Switzerland 2.2%, Belgium 2.0% (January-June 1994)       External debt: $8.7 billion (October 1994)       Industrial production: growth rate 4.9% (January-September 1994)       Electricity:    capacity: 14.470,000 kW    production: 56.3 billion kWh    consumption per capita: 4,842 kWh (1993)       Industries: fuels, ferrous metallurgy, machinery and equipment, coal,    motor vehicles, glass, armaments       Agriculture: largely self-sufficient in food production; diversified    crop and livestock production, including grains, potatoes, sugar    beets, hops, fruit, hogs, cattle, and poultry; exporter of forest    products       Illicit drugs: transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and    Latin American cocaine to Western Europe       Economic aid:    donor: 1.4 million annually to IMF beginning in 1994       Currency: 1 koruna (Kc) = 100 haleru       Exchange rates: koruny (Kcs) per US$1 - 27.762 (January 1995), 28.785    (1994), 29.153 (1993), 28.26 (1992), 29.53 (1991), 17.95 (1990)    note: values before 1993 reflect Czechoslovak exchange rates       Fiscal year: calendar year       Czech Republic:Transportation       Railroads:    total: 9,434 km (include 1.520-m broad, 1.435-m standard, and several    narrow gauges) (1988)       Highways:    total: 55,890 km (1988)    paved: NA    unpaved: NA       Inland waterways: NA km; the Elbe (Labe) is the principal river       Pipelines: natural gas 5,400 km       Ports: Decin, Prague, Usti nad Labem       Merchant marine:    total: 14 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 181,646 GRT/282,296 DWT    ships by type: bulk 5, cargo 9       Airports:    total: 116    with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2    with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 9    with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 13    with paved runways under 914 m: 5    with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 1    with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3    with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 10    with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 32    with unpaved runways under 914 m: 41       Czech Republic:Communications       Telephone system: NA telephones    local: NA    intercity: NA    international: NA       Radio:    broadcast stations: AM, FM, shortwave    radios: NA       Television:    broadcast stations: NA    televisions: NA       Czech Republic:Defense Forces       Branches: Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, Civil Defense, Railroad    Units       Manpower availability: males age 15-49 2,753,301; males fit for    military service 2,095,661; males reach military age (18) annually    91,177 (1995 est.)       Defense expenditures: 27 billion koruny, NA% of GNP (1994 est.); note    - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current    exchange rate could produce misleading results