English Dictionary: Risiken bergen | by the DICT Development Group |
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From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Race \Race\, n. [OF. ra[8b]z, L. radix, -icis. See {Radix}.] A root. [bd]A race or two of ginger.[b8] --Shak. {Race ginger}, ginger in the root, or not pulverized. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Race \Race\, n. [OE. ras, res, rees, AS. r[aemac]s a rush, running; akin to Icel. r[be]s course, race. [root]118.] 1. A progress; a course; a movement or progression. 2. Esp., swift progress; rapid course; a running. The flight of many birds is swifter than the race of any beasts. --Bacon. 3. Hence: The act or process of running in competition; a contest of speed in any way, as in running, riding, driving, skating, rowing, sailing; in the plural, usually, a meeting for contests in the running of horses; as, he attended the races. The race is not to the swift. --Eccl. ix. 11. I wield the gauntlet, and I run the race. --Pope. 4. Competitive action of any kind, especially when prolonged; hence, career; course of life. My race of glory run, and race of shame. --Milton. 5. A strong or rapid current of water, or the channel or passage for such a current; a powerful current or heavy sea, sometimes produced by the meeting of two tides; as, the Portland Race; the Race of Alderney. 6. The current of water that turns a water wheel, or the channel in which it flows; a mill race. Note: The part of the channel above the wheel is sometimes called the headrace, the part below, the tailrace. 7. (Mach.) A channel or guide along which a shuttle is driven back and forth, as in a loom, sewing machine, etc. {Race cloth}, a cloth worn by horses in racing, having pockets to hold the weights prescribed. {Race course}. (a) The path, generally circular or elliptical, over which a race is run. (b) Same as {Race way}, below. {Race cup}, a cup given as a prize to the victor in a race. {Race glass}, a kind of field glass. {Race horse}. (a) A horse that runs in competition; specifically, a horse bred or kept for running races. (b) A breed of horses remarkable for swiftness in running. (c) (Zo[94]l.) The steamer duck. (d) (Zo[94]l.) A mantis. {Race knife}, a cutting tool with a blade that is hooked at the point, for marking outlines, on boards or metals, as by a pattern, -- used in shipbuilding. {Race saddle}, a light saddle used in racing. {Race track}. Same as {Race course} (a), above. {Race way}, the canal for the current that drives a water wheel. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Ragious \Ra"gious\, a. Raging; furious; rageful. [Obs.] -- {Ra"gious*ness}, n. [Obs.] | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Rakeshame \Rake"shame`\, n. [Cf. {Rakehell}, {Ragabash}.] A vile, dissolute wretch. [Obs.] --Milton. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Rakishness \Rak"ish*ness\, n. The quality or state of being rakish. | |
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Re sign \Re sign"\, n. Resignation. [Obs.] --Beau. & Fl. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reassessment \Re`as*sess"ment\, n. A renewed or second assessment. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reassign \Re`as*sign"\, v. t. To assign back or again; to transfer back what has been assigned. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reassignment \Re`as*sign"ment\, n. The act of reassigning. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Recess \Re*cess"\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Recessed}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Recessing}.] To make a recess in; as, to recess a wall. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Recession \Re*ces"sion\, n. [Pref. re- + cession.] The act of ceding back; restoration; repeated cession; as, the recession of conquered territory to its former sovereign. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Recession \Re*ces"sion\, n. [L. recessio, fr. recedere, recessum. See {Recede}.] The act of receding or withdrawing, as from a place, a claim, or a demand. --South. Mercy may rejoice upon the recessions of justice. --Jer. Taylor. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Recessional \Re*ces"sion*al\, a. Of or pertaining to recession or withdrawal. {Recessional hymn}, a hymn sung in a procession returning from the choir to the robing room. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Recessional \Re*ces"sion*al\, a. Of or pertaining to recession or withdrawal. {Recessional hymn}, a hymn sung in a procession returning from the choir to the robing room. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Recision \Re*ci"sion\, n. [L. recisio, fr. recidere, recisum, to cut off; pref. re- re- + caedere to cut.] The act of cutting off. --Sherwood. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Recognizable \Rec"og*ni`za*ble\ (?; 277), a. Capable of being recognized. [Written also {recognisable}.] -- {Rec"og*ni`za*bly}, adv. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Recognizance \Re*cog"ni*zance\, n. [F. reconnaissance, OF. recognoissance, fr. recognoissant, p. pr. of recognoistre to recognize, F. reconna[8c]tre, fr. L. recognoscere; pref. re- re- + cognoscere to know. See {Cognizance}, {Know}, and cf. {Recognize}, {Reconnoissance}.] [Written also {recognisance}.] 1. (Law) (a) An obligation of record entered into before some court of record or magistrate duly authorized, with condition to do some particular act, as to appear at the same or some other court, to keep the peace, or pay a debt. A recognizance differs from a bond, being witnessed by the record only, and not by the party's seal. (b) The verdict of a jury impaneled upon assize. --Cowell. Note: Among lawyers the g in this and the related words (except recognize) is usually silent. 2. A token; a symbol; a pledge; a badge. That recognizance and pledge of love Which I first gave her. --Shak. 3. Acknowledgment of a person or thing; avowal; profession; recognition. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Recognize \Rec"og*nize\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Recognized}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Recognizing}.] [From {Recognizance}; see {Cognition}, and cf. {Reconnoiter}.] [Written also {recognise}.] 1. To know again; to perceive the identity of, with a person or thing previously known; to recover or recall knowledge of. Speak, vassal; recognize thy sovereign queen. --Harte. 2. To avow knowledge of; to allow that one knows; to consent to admit, hold, or the like; to admit with a formal acknowledgment; as, to recognize an obligation; to recognize a consul. 3. To acknowledge acquaintance with, as by salutation, bowing, or the like. 4. To show appreciation of; as, to recognize services by a testimonial. 5. To review; to re[89]xamine. [Obs.] --South. 6. To reconnoiter. [Obs.] --R. Monro. Syn: To acknowledge; avow; confess; own; allow; concede. See {Acknowledge}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Recognize \Rec"og*nize\, v. i. (Law) To enter an obligation of record before a proper tribunal; as, A, B recognized in the sum of twenty dollars. [Written also {recognise}.] Note: In legal usage in the United States the second syllable is often accented. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Recognizee \Re*cog`ni*zee"\, n. (Law) The person in whose favor a recognizance is made. [Written also {recognisee}.] --Blackstone. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reconizer \Rec"o*ni`zer\, n. One who recognizes; a recognizor. [Written also {recogniser}.] | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Recognizor \Re*cog`ni*zor"\, n. (Law) One who enters into a recognizance. [Written also {recognisor}.] --Blackstone. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Recognition \Rec`og*ni"tion\, n. [L. recognitio: cf. F. recognition. See {Recognizance}.] The act of recognizing, or the state of being recognized; acknowledgment; formal avowal; knowledge confessed or avowed; notice. The lives of such saints had, at the time of their yearly memorials, solemn recognition in the church of God. --Hooker. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Recognitor \Re*cog"ni*tor\, n. [LL.] (Law) One of a jury impaneled on an assize. --Blackstone. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Recognitory \Re*cog"ni*to*ry\, a. Pertaining to, or connected with, recognition. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Recognizability \Rec`og*ni`za*bil"i*ty\, n. The quality or condition of being recognizable. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Recognizable \Rec"og*ni`za*ble\ (?; 277), a. Capable of being recognized. [Written also {recognisable}.] -- {Rec"og*ni`za*bly}, adv. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Recognizable \Rec"og*ni`za*ble\ (?; 277), a. Capable of being recognized. [Written also {recognisable}.] -- {Rec"og*ni`za*bly}, adv. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Recognizance \Re*cog"ni*zance\, n. [F. reconnaissance, OF. recognoissance, fr. recognoissant, p. pr. of recognoistre to recognize, F. reconna[8c]tre, fr. L. recognoscere; pref. re- re- + cognoscere to know. See {Cognizance}, {Know}, and cf. {Recognize}, {Reconnoissance}.] [Written also {recognisance}.] 1. (Law) (a) An obligation of record entered into before some court of record or magistrate duly authorized, with condition to do some particular act, as to appear at the same or some other court, to keep the peace, or pay a debt. A recognizance differs from a bond, being witnessed by the record only, and not by the party's seal. (b) The verdict of a jury impaneled upon assize. --Cowell. Note: Among lawyers the g in this and the related words (except recognize) is usually silent. 2. A token; a symbol; a pledge; a badge. That recognizance and pledge of love Which I first gave her. --Shak. 3. Acknowledgment of a person or thing; avowal; profession; recognition. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Recognization \Re*cog`ni*za"tion\, n. Recognition. [R.] | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Recognize \Rec"og*nize\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Recognized}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Recognizing}.] [From {Recognizance}; see {Cognition}, and cf. {Reconnoiter}.] [Written also {recognise}.] 1. To know again; to perceive the identity of, with a person or thing previously known; to recover or recall knowledge of. Speak, vassal; recognize thy sovereign queen. --Harte. 2. To avow knowledge of; to allow that one knows; to consent to admit, hold, or the like; to admit with a formal acknowledgment; as, to recognize an obligation; to recognize a consul. 3. To acknowledge acquaintance with, as by salutation, bowing, or the like. 4. To show appreciation of; as, to recognize services by a testimonial. 5. To review; to re[89]xamine. [Obs.] --South. 6. To reconnoiter. [Obs.] --R. Monro. Syn: To acknowledge; avow; confess; own; allow; concede. See {Acknowledge}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Recognize \Rec"og*nize\, v. i. (Law) To enter an obligation of record before a proper tribunal; as, A, B recognized in the sum of twenty dollars. [Written also {recognise}.] Note: In legal usage in the United States the second syllable is often accented. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Recognize \Rec"og*nize\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Recognized}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Recognizing}.] [From {Recognizance}; see {Cognition}, and cf. {Reconnoiter}.] [Written also {recognise}.] 1. To know again; to perceive the identity of, with a person or thing previously known; to recover or recall knowledge of. Speak, vassal; recognize thy sovereign queen. --Harte. 2. To avow knowledge of; to allow that one knows; to consent to admit, hold, or the like; to admit with a formal acknowledgment; as, to recognize an obligation; to recognize a consul. 3. To acknowledge acquaintance with, as by salutation, bowing, or the like. 4. To show appreciation of; as, to recognize services by a testimonial. 5. To review; to re[89]xamine. [Obs.] --South. 6. To reconnoiter. [Obs.] --R. Monro. Syn: To acknowledge; avow; confess; own; allow; concede. See {Acknowledge}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Recognizee \Re*cog`ni*zee"\, n. (Law) The person in whose favor a recognizance is made. [Written also {recognisee}.] --Blackstone. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Recognize \Rec"og*nize\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Recognized}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Recognizing}.] [From {Recognizance}; see {Cognition}, and cf. {Reconnoiter}.] [Written also {recognise}.] 1. To know again; to perceive the identity of, with a person or thing previously known; to recover or recall knowledge of. Speak, vassal; recognize thy sovereign queen. --Harte. 2. To avow knowledge of; to allow that one knows; to consent to admit, hold, or the like; to admit with a formal acknowledgment; as, to recognize an obligation; to recognize a consul. 3. To acknowledge acquaintance with, as by salutation, bowing, or the like. 4. To show appreciation of; as, to recognize services by a testimonial. 5. To review; to re[89]xamine. [Obs.] --South. 6. To reconnoiter. [Obs.] --R. Monro. Syn: To acknowledge; avow; confess; own; allow; concede. See {Acknowledge}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Recognizor \Re*cog`ni*zor"\, n. (Law) One who enters into a recognizance. [Written also {recognisor}.] --Blackstone. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Recognosce \Rec"og*nosce\, v. t. [L. recognoscere. See {Recognizance}.] To recognize. [R. & Obs.] --Boyle. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Recusancy \Re*cu"san*cy\ (r?*k?"zan*s? [or] r?k"?-), n. The state of being recusant; nonconformity. --Coke. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Recusant \Re*cu"sant\ (-zat; 277), a.[L. recusans, -antis, p. pr. of recure to refuse, to oject to; pref. re- re + causa a cause, pretext: cf. F. r[82]cusant. See {Cause}, and cf. {Ruse}.] Obstinate in refusal; specifically, in English history, refusing to acknowledge the supremacy of the king in the churc, or to conform to the established rites of the church; as, a recusant lord. It stated him to have placed his son in the household of the Countess of Derby, a recusant papist. --Sir W. Scott. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Recusant \Re*cu"sant\, n. 1. One who is obstinate in refusal; one standing out stubbornly against general practice or opinion. The last rebellious recusants among the European family of nations. --De Quincey. 2. (Eng. Hist.) A person who refuses to acknowledge the supremacy of the king in matters of religion; as, a Roman Catholic recusant, who acknowledges the supremacy of the pope. --Brande & C. 3. One who refuses communion with the Church of England; a nonconformist. All that are recusants of holy rites. --Holyday. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Recussion \Re*cus"sion\ (r?*k?sh"?n), n. [L. recutire, recussum, to beat back; pref. re- re- + quatere to shake.] The act of beating or striking back. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Rejoicement \Re*joice"ment\ (-ment), n. Rejoicing. [Obs.] | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Rejoicing \Re*joi"cing\ (-s?ng), n. 1. Joy; gladness; delight. We should particularly express our rejoicing by love and charity to our neighbors. --R. Nelson. 2. The expression of joy or gladness. The voice of rejoicing and salvation is in the tabernacles of the righteous. --Ps. cxviii. 15. 3. That which causes to rejoice; occasion of joy. Thy testimonies have I taken as an heritage forever, for they are the rejoicing of my heart. --Ps. cxix. 111. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Rejoice \Re*joice"\ (r[esl]*jois"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. {Rejoiced} (-joist"); p. pr. & vb. n. {Rejoicing} (-joi"s?ng).] [OE. rejoissen, OF. resjouir, resjoir, F. r[82]jouir; pref. re- re- + OF, esjouir, esjoir, F. [82]jouir, to rejoice; pref. es- (L. ex-) + OF. jouir, joir, F. jouir, from L. gaudere to rejoice. See {Joy}.] To feel joy; to experience gladness in a high degree; to have pleasurable satisfaction; to be delighted. [bd]O, rejoice beyond a common joy.[b8] --Shak. I will be glad and rejoice in thy mercy. --Ps. xxxi. 7. Syn: To delight; joy; exult; triumph. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Rejoicingly \Re*joi"cing*ly\, adv. With joi or exultation. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Requicken \Re*quick"en\ (r?-kw?k"'n), v. t. To quicken anew; to reanimate; to give new life to. --Shak. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Rescission \Re*scis"sion\ (r?-s?zh"?n), n. [L. rescissio: cf. F. rescission. See {Rescind}.] The act of rescinding, abrogating, annulling, or vacating; as, the rescission of a law, decree, or judgment. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Re-sign \Re-sign"\ (r?-s?n"), v. t. [Pref. re- + sign.] To affix one's signature to, a second time; to sign again. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Resign \Re*sign"\ (r?-z?n"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Resigned} (-z?nd"); p. pr. & vb. n. {Resigning}.] [F. r[82]signer, L. resignare to unseal, annul, assign, resign; pref. re- re- + signare to seal, stamp. See {Sign}, and cf. {Resignation}.] 1. To sign back; to return by a formal act; to yield to another; to surrender; -- said especially of office or emolument. Hence, to give up; to yield; to submit; -- said of the wishes or will, or of something valued; -- also often used reflexively. I here resign my government to thee. --Shak. Lament not, Eve, but patiently resign What justly thou hast lost. --Milton. What more reasonable, than that we should in all things resign up ourselves to the will of God? --Tiilotson. 2. To relinquish; to abandon. He soon resigned his former suit. --Spenser. 3. To commit to the care of; to consign. [Obs.] Gentlement of quality have been sent beyong the seas, resigned and concredited to the conduct of such as they call governors. --Evelyn. Syn: To abdicate; surrender; submit; leave; relinquish; forego; quit; forsake; abandon; renounce. Usage: {Resign}, {Relinquish}. To resign is to give up, as if breaking a seal and yielding all it had secured; hence, it marks a formal and deliberate surrender. To relinquish is less formal, but always implies abandonment and that the thing given up has been long an object of pursuit, and, usually, that it has been prized and desired. We resign what we once held or considered as our own, as an office, employment, etc. We speak of relinquishing a claim, of relinquishing some advantage we had sought or enjoyed, of relinquishing seme right, privilege, etc. [bd]Men are weary with the toil which they bear, but can not find it in their hearts to relinquish it.[b8] --Steele. See {Abdicate}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Re-sign \Re-sign"\ (r?-s?n"), v. t. [Pref. re- + sign.] To affix one's signature to, a second time; to sign again. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Resign \Re*sign"\ (r?-z?n"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Resigned} (-z?nd"); p. pr. & vb. n. {Resigning}.] [F. r[82]signer, L. resignare to unseal, annul, assign, resign; pref. re- re- + signare to seal, stamp. See {Sign}, and cf. {Resignation}.] 1. To sign back; to return by a formal act; to yield to another; to surrender; -- said especially of office or emolument. Hence, to give up; to yield; to submit; -- said of the wishes or will, or of something valued; -- also often used reflexively. I here resign my government to thee. --Shak. Lament not, Eve, but patiently resign What justly thou hast lost. --Milton. What more reasonable, than that we should in all things resign up ourselves to the will of God? --Tiilotson. 2. To relinquish; to abandon. He soon resigned his former suit. --Spenser. 3. To commit to the care of; to consign. [Obs.] Gentlement of quality have been sent beyong the seas, resigned and concredited to the conduct of such as they call governors. --Evelyn. Syn: To abdicate; surrender; submit; leave; relinquish; forego; quit; forsake; abandon; renounce. Usage: {Resign}, {Relinquish}. To resign is to give up, as if breaking a seal and yielding all it had secured; hence, it marks a formal and deliberate surrender. To relinquish is less formal, but always implies abandonment and that the thing given up has been long an object of pursuit, and, usually, that it has been prized and desired. We resign what we once held or considered as our own, as an office, employment, etc. We speak of relinquishing a claim, of relinquishing some advantage we had sought or enjoyed, of relinquishing seme right, privilege, etc. [bd]Men are weary with the toil which they bear, but can not find it in their hearts to relinquish it.[b8] --Steele. See {Abdicate}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Resignation \Res`ig*na"tion\ (r?z`?g-n?"sh?n), n. [F. r[82]signation. See {Resign}.] 1. The act of resigning or giving up, as a claim, possession, office, or the like; surrender; as, the resignation of a crown or comission. 2. The state of being resigned or submissive; quiet or patient submission; unresisting acquiescence; as, resignation to the will and providence of God. Syn: Patience; surrender; relinquisment; forsaking; abandonment; abdication; renunciation; submission; acquiescence; endurance. See {Patience}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Resigned \Re*signed"\ (r?-z?nd"), a. Submissive; yielding; not disposed to resist or murmur. A firm, yet cautious mind; Sincere, thought prudent; constant, yet resigned. --Pope. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Resign \Re*sign"\ (r?-z?n"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Resigned} (-z?nd"); p. pr. & vb. n. {Resigning}.] [F. r[82]signer, L. resignare to unseal, annul, assign, resign; pref. re- re- + signare to seal, stamp. See {Sign}, and cf. {Resignation}.] 1. To sign back; to return by a formal act; to yield to another; to surrender; -- said especially of office or emolument. Hence, to give up; to yield; to submit; -- said of the wishes or will, or of something valued; -- also often used reflexively. I here resign my government to thee. --Shak. Lament not, Eve, but patiently resign What justly thou hast lost. --Milton. What more reasonable, than that we should in all things resign up ourselves to the will of God? --Tiilotson. 2. To relinquish; to abandon. He soon resigned his former suit. --Spenser. 3. To commit to the care of; to consign. [Obs.] Gentlement of quality have been sent beyong the seas, resigned and concredited to the conduct of such as they call governors. --Evelyn. Syn: To abdicate; surrender; submit; leave; relinquish; forego; quit; forsake; abandon; renounce. Usage: {Resign}, {Relinquish}. To resign is to give up, as if breaking a seal and yielding all it had secured; hence, it marks a formal and deliberate surrender. To relinquish is less formal, but always implies abandonment and that the thing given up has been long an object of pursuit, and, usually, that it has been prized and desired. We resign what we once held or considered as our own, as an office, employment, etc. We speak of relinquishing a claim, of relinquishing some advantage we had sought or enjoyed, of relinquishing seme right, privilege, etc. [bd]Men are weary with the toil which they bear, but can not find it in their hearts to relinquish it.[b8] --Steele. See {Abdicate}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Resignedly \Re*sign"ed*ly\ (r?-z?n"?d-l?), adv. With submission. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Resignee \Res`ign*ee"\ (r?z`?-n?"), n. One to whom anything is resigned, or in whose favor a resignation is made. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Resigner \Re*sign"er\ (r?-z?n"?r), n. One who resigns. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Resign \Re*sign"\ (r?-z?n"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Resigned} (-z?nd"); p. pr. & vb. n. {Resigning}.] [F. r[82]signer, L. resignare to unseal, annul, assign, resign; pref. re- re- + signare to seal, stamp. See {Sign}, and cf. {Resignation}.] 1. To sign back; to return by a formal act; to yield to another; to surrender; -- said especially of office or emolument. Hence, to give up; to yield; to submit; -- said of the wishes or will, or of something valued; -- also often used reflexively. I here resign my government to thee. --Shak. Lament not, Eve, but patiently resign What justly thou hast lost. --Milton. What more reasonable, than that we should in all things resign up ourselves to the will of God? --Tiilotson. 2. To relinquish; to abandon. He soon resigned his former suit. --Spenser. 3. To commit to the care of; to consign. [Obs.] Gentlement of quality have been sent beyong the seas, resigned and concredited to the conduct of such as they call governors. --Evelyn. Syn: To abdicate; surrender; submit; leave; relinquish; forego; quit; forsake; abandon; renounce. Usage: {Resign}, {Relinquish}. To resign is to give up, as if breaking a seal and yielding all it had secured; hence, it marks a formal and deliberate surrender. To relinquish is less formal, but always implies abandonment and that the thing given up has been long an object of pursuit, and, usually, that it has been prized and desired. We resign what we once held or considered as our own, as an office, employment, etc. We speak of relinquishing a claim, of relinquishing some advantage we had sought or enjoyed, of relinquishing seme right, privilege, etc. [bd]Men are weary with the toil which they bear, but can not find it in their hearts to relinquish it.[b8] --Steele. See {Abdicate}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Resignment \Re*sign"ment\ (-ment), n. The act of resigning. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Rhizogan \Rhiz"o*gan\, a. [Gr. [?][?][?] root + -gen: cf. F. rhizog[8a]ne.] (Bot.) Prodicing roots. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Rhizogen \Rhiz"o*gen\, n. (Bot.) One of a proposed class of flowering plants growning on the roots of other plants and destitute of green foliage. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Rigescent \Ri*ges"cent\, a. [L. rigescens, p. pr. fr. rigescere to grow stiff.] Growing stiff or numb. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Rogue \Rogue\, n. [F. rogue proud, haughty, supercilious; cf. Icel. hr[?]kr a rook, croaker (cf. {Rook} a bird), or Armor. rok, rog, proud, arogant.] 1. (Eng.Law) A vagrant; an idle, sturdy beggar; a vagabond; a tramp. Note: The phrase rogues and vagabonds is applied to a large class of wandering, disorderly, or dissolute persons. They were formerly punished by being whipped and having the gristle of the right ear bored with a hot iron. 2. A deliberately dishonest person; a knave; a cheat. The rogue and fool by fits is fair and wise. --Pope. 3. One who is pleasantly mischievous or frolicsome; hence, often used as a term of endearment. Ah, you sweet little rogue, you! --Shak. 4. An elephant that has separated from a herd and roams about alone, in which state it is very savage. 5. (Hort.) A worthless plant occuring among seedlings of some choice variety. {Rogues' gallery}, a collection of portraits of rogues or criminals, for the use of the police authorities. {Rogue's march}, derisive music performed in driving away a person under popular indignation or official sentence, as when a soldier is drummed out of a regiment. {Rogue's yarn}, yarn of a different twist and color from the rest, inserted into the cordage of the British navy, to identify it if stolen, or for the purpose of tracing the maker in case of defect. Different makers are required to use yarns of different colors. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Roguish \Rogu"ish\, a. 1. Vagrant. [Obs.] --Spenser. His roguish madness Allows itself to anything. --Shak. 2. Resembling, or characteristic of, a rogue; knavish. 3. Pleasantly mischievous; waggish; arch. The most bewitching leer with her eyes, the most roguish cast. --Dryden. -- {Rogu"ish*ly}, adv. -- {Rogu"ish*ness}, n. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Hip \Hip\, n. [OE. hepe, AS. he[a2]pe; cf. OHG. hiufo a bramble bush.] (Bot.) The fruit of a rosebush, especially of the English dog-rose ({Rosa canina}). [Written also {hop}, {hep}.] {Hip tree} (Bot.), the dog-rose. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Provence rose \Prov"ence rose`\ [Provence the place + rose.] (a) The cabbage rose ({Rosa centifolia}). (b) A name of many kinds of roses which are hybrids of {Rosa centifolia} and {R. Gallica}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Cabbage \Cab"bage\ (k[acr]b"b[asl]j), n. [OE. cabage, fr. F. cabus headed (of cabbages), chou cabus headed cabbage, cabbage head; cf. It. capuccio a little head, cappuccio cowl, hood, cabbage, fr. capo head, L. caput, or fr. It. cappa cape. See {Chief}, {Cape}.] (Bot.) 1. An esculent vegetable of many varieties, derived from the wild {Brassica oleracea} of Europe. The common cabbage has a compact head of leaves. The cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, etc., are sometimes classed as cabbages. 2. The terminal bud of certain palm trees, used, like, cabbage, for food. See {Cabbage tree}, below. 3. The cabbage palmetto. See below. {Cabbage aphis} (Zo[94]l.), a green plant-louse ({Aphis brassic[91]}) which lives upon the leaves of the cabbage. {Cabbage beetle} (Zo[94]l.), a small, striped flea-beetle ({Phyllotreta vittata}) which lives, in the larval state, on the roots, and when adult, on the leaves, of cabbage and other cruciferous plants. {Cabbage butterfly} (Zo[94]l.), a white butterfly ({Pieris rap[91]} of both Europe and America, and the allied {P. oleracea}, a native American species) which, in the larval state, devours the leaves of the cabbage and the turnip. See {Cabbage worm}, below. {Cabbage fly} (Zo[94]l.), a small two-winged fly ({Anthomyia brassic[91]}), which feeds, in the larval or maggot state, on the roots of the cabbage, often doing much damage to the crop. {Cabbage head}, the compact head formed by the leaves of a cabbage; -- contemptuously or humorously, and colloquially, a very stupid and silly person; a numskull. {Cabbage palmetto}, a species of palm tree ({Sabal Palmetto}) found along the coast from North Carolina to Florida. {Cabbage rose} (Bot.), a species of rose ({Rosa centifolia}) having large and heavy blossoms. {Cabbage tree}, {Cabbage palm}, a name given to palms having a terminal bud called a cabbage, as the {Sabal Palmetto} of the United States, and the {Euterpe oleracea} and {Oreodoxa oleracea} of the West Indies. {Cabbage worm} (Zo[94]l.), the larva of several species of moths and butterflies, which attacks cabbages. The most common is usually the larva of a white butterfly. See {Cabbage butterfly}, above. The cabbage cutworms, which eat off the stalks of young plants during the night, are the larv[91] of several species of moths, of the genus {Agrotis}. See {Cutworm}. {Sea cabbage}.(Bot.) (a) Sea kale (b) . The original Plant ({Brassica oleracea}), from which the cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, etc., have been derived by cultivation. {Thousand-headed cabbage}. See {Brussels sprouts}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Rose \Rose\, n. [AS. rose, L. rosa, probably akin to Gr. [?], Armor. vard, OPer. vareda; and perhaps to E. wort: cf. F. rose, from the Latin. Cf. {Copperas}, {Rhododendron}.] 1. A flower and shrub of any species of the genus {Rosa}, of which there are many species, mostly found in the morthern hemispere Note: Roses are shrubs with pinnate leaves and usually prickly stems. The flowers are large, and in the wild state have five petals of a color varying from deep pink to white, or sometimes yellow. By cultivation and hybridizing the number of petals is greatly increased and the natural perfume enhanced. In this way many distinct classes of roses have been formed, as the Banksia, Baurbon, Boursalt, China, Noisette, hybrid perpetual, etc., with multitudes of varieties in nearly every class. 2. A knot of ribbon formed like a rose; a rose knot; a rosette, esp. one worn on a shoe. --Sha. 3. (Arch.) A rose window. See {Rose window}, below. 4. A perforated nozzle, as of a pipe, spout, etc., for delivering water in fine jets; a rosehead; also, a strainer at the foot of a pump. 5. (Med.) The erysipelas. --Dunglison. 6. The card of the mariner's compass; also, a circular card with radiating lines, used in other instruments. 7. The color of a rose; rose-red; pink. 8. A diamond. See {Rose diamond}, below. {Cabbage rose}, {China rose}, etc. See under {Cabbage}, {China}, etc. {Corn rose} (Bot.) See {Corn poppy}, under {Corn}. {Infantile rose} (Med.), a variety of roseola. {Jamaica rose}. (Bot.) See under {Jamaica}. {Rose acacia} (Bot.), a low American leguminous shrub ({Robinia hispida}) with handsome clusters of rose-colored blossoms. {Rose aniline}. (Chem.) Same as {Rosaniline}. {Rose apple} (Bot.), the fruit of the tropical myrtaceous tree {Eugenia Jambos}. It is an edible berry an inch or more in diameter, and is said to have a very strong roselike perfume. {Rose beetle}. (Zo[94]l.) (a) A small yellowish or buff longlegged beetle ({Macrodactylus subspinosus}), which eats the leaves of various plants, and is often very injurious to rosebushes, apple trees, grapevines, etc. Called also {rose bug}, and {rose chafer}. (b) The European chafer. {Rose bug}. (Zo[94]l.) same as {Rose beetle}, {Rose chafer}. {Rose burner}, a kind of gas-burner producing a rose-shaped flame. {Rose camphor} (Chem.), a solid odorless substance which separates from rose oil. {Rose campion}. (Bot.) See under {Campion}. {Rose catarrh} (Med.), rose cold. {Rose chafer}. (Zo[94]l.) (a) A common European beetle ({Cetonia aurata}) which is often very injurious to rosebushes; -- called also {rose beetle}, and {rose fly}. (b) The rose beetle (a) . {Rose cold} (Med.), a variety of hay fever, sometimes attributed to the inhalation of the effluvia of roses. See {Hay fever}, under {Hay}. {Rose color}, the color of a rose; pink; hence, a beautiful hue or appearance; fancied beauty, attractiveness, or promise. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Rose \Rose\, n. [AS. rose, L. rosa, probably akin to Gr. [?], Armor. vard, OPer. vareda; and perhaps to E. wort: cf. F. rose, from the Latin. Cf. {Copperas}, {Rhododendron}.] 1. A flower and shrub of any species of the genus {Rosa}, of which there are many species, mostly found in the morthern hemispere Note: Roses are shrubs with pinnate leaves and usually prickly stems. The flowers are large, and in the wild state have five petals of a color varying from deep pink to white, or sometimes yellow. By cultivation and hybridizing the number of petals is greatly increased and the natural perfume enhanced. In this way many distinct classes of roses have been formed, as the Banksia, Baurbon, Boursalt, China, Noisette, hybrid perpetual, etc., with multitudes of varieties in nearly every class. 2. A knot of ribbon formed like a rose; a rose knot; a rosette, esp. one worn on a shoe. --Sha. 3. (Arch.) A rose window. See {Rose window}, below. 4. A perforated nozzle, as of a pipe, spout, etc., for delivering water in fine jets; a rosehead; also, a strainer at the foot of a pump. 5. (Med.) The erysipelas. --Dunglison. 6. The card of the mariner's compass; also, a circular card with radiating lines, used in other instruments. 7. The color of a rose; rose-red; pink. 8. A diamond. See {Rose diamond}, below. {Cabbage rose}, {China rose}, etc. See under {Cabbage}, {China}, etc. {Corn rose} (Bot.) See {Corn poppy}, under {Corn}. {Infantile rose} (Med.), a variety of roseola. {Jamaica rose}. (Bot.) See under {Jamaica}. {Rose acacia} (Bot.), a low American leguminous shrub ({Robinia hispida}) with handsome clusters of rose-colored blossoms. {Rose aniline}. (Chem.) Same as {Rosaniline}. {Rose apple} (Bot.), the fruit of the tropical myrtaceous tree {Eugenia Jambos}. It is an edible berry an inch or more in diameter, and is said to have a very strong roselike perfume. {Rose beetle}. (Zo[94]l.) (a) A small yellowish or buff longlegged beetle ({Macrodactylus subspinosus}), which eats the leaves of various plants, and is often very injurious to rosebushes, apple trees, grapevines, etc. Called also {rose bug}, and {rose chafer}. (b) The European chafer. {Rose bug}. (Zo[94]l.) same as {Rose beetle}, {Rose chafer}. {Rose burner}, a kind of gas-burner producing a rose-shaped flame. {Rose camphor} (Chem.), a solid odorless substance which separates from rose oil. {Rose campion}. (Bot.) See under {Campion}. {Rose catarrh} (Med.), rose cold. {Rose chafer}. (Zo[94]l.) (a) A common European beetle ({Cetonia aurata}) which is often very injurious to rosebushes; -- called also {rose beetle}, and {rose fly}. (b) The rose beetle (a) . {Rose cold} (Med.), a variety of hay fever, sometimes attributed to the inhalation of the effluvia of roses. See {Hay fever}, under {Hay}. {Rose color}, the color of a rose; pink; hence, a beautiful hue or appearance; fancied beauty, attractiveness, or promise. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Campion \Cam"pi*on\, n. [Prob. fr. L. campus field.] (Bot.) A plant of the Pink family ({Cucubalus bacciferus}), bearing berries regarded as poisonous. {Bladder campion}, a plant of the Pink family ({Cucubalus Behen} or {Silene inflata}), having a much inflated calyx. See {Behen}. {Rose campion}, a garden plant ({Lychnis coronaria}) with handsome crimson flowers. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
{Rose de Pompadour}, {Rose du Barry}, names succesively given to a delicate rose color used on S[8a]vres porcelain. {Rose diamond}, a diamond, one side of which is flat, and the other cut into twenty-four triangular facets in two ranges which form a convex face pointed at the top. Cf. {Brilliant}, n. {Rose ear}. See under {Ear}. {Rose elder} (Bot.), the Guelder-rose. {Rose engine}, a machine, or an appendage to a turning lathe, by which a surface or wood, metal, etc., is engraved with a variety of curved lines. --Craig. {Rose family} (Bot.) the {Rosece[91]}. See {Rosaceous}. {Rose fever} (Med.), rose cold. {Rose fly} (Zo[94]l.), a rose betle, or rose chafer. {Rose gall} (Zo[94]l.), any gall found on rosebushes. See {Bedeguar}. {Rose knot}, a ribbon, or other pliade band plaited so as to resemble a rose; a rosette. {Rose lake}, {Rose madder}, a rich tint prepared from lac and madder precipitated on an earthy basis. --Fairholt. {Rose mallow}. (Bot.) (a) A name of several malvaceous plants of the genus {Hibiscus}, with large rose-colored flowers. (b) the hollyhock. {Rose nail}, a nail with a convex, faceted head. {Rose noble}, an ancient English gold coin, stamped with the figure of a rose, first struck in the reign of Edward III., and current at 6s. 8d. --Sir W. Scott. {Rose of China}. (Bot.) See {China rose} (b), under {China}. {Rose of Jericho} (Bot.), a Syrian cruciferous plant ({Anastatica Hierochuntica}) which rolls up when dry, and expands again when moistened; -- called also {resurrection plant}. {Rose of Sharon} (Bot.), an ornamental malvaceous shrub ({Hibiscus Syriacus}). In the Bible the name is used for some flower not yet identified, perhaps a Narcissus, or possibly the great lotus flower. {Rose oil} (Chem.), the yellow essential oil extracted from various species of rose blossoms, and forming the chief part of attar of roses. {Rose pink}, a pigment of a rose color, made by dyeing chalk or whiting with a decoction of Brazil wood and alum; also, the color of the pigment. {Rose quartz} (Min.), a variety of quartz which is rose-red. {Rose rash}. (Med.) Same as {Roseola}. {Rose slug} (Zo[94]l.), the small green larva of a black sawfly ({Selandria ros[91]}). These larv[91] feed in groups on the parenchyma of the leaves of rosebushes, and are often abundant and very destructive. {Rose window} (Arch.), a circular window filled with ornamental tracery. Called also {Catherine wheel}, and {marigold window}. Cf. {wheel window}, under {Wheel}. {Summer rose} (Med.), a variety of roseola. See {Roseola}. {Under the rose} [a translation of L. sub rosa], in secret; privately; in a manner that forbids disclosure; -- the rose being among the ancients the symbol of secrecy, and hung up at entertainments as a token that nothing there said was to be divulged. {Wars of the Roses} (Eng. Hist.), feuds between the Houses of York and Lancaster, the white rose being the badge of the House of York, and the red rose of the House of Lancaster. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
{Guinea plum} (Bot.), the fruit of {Parinarium excelsum}, a large West African tree of the order {Chrysobalane[91]}, having a scarcely edible fruit somewhat resembling a plum, which is also called {gray plum} and {rough-skin plum}. {Guinea worm} (Zo[94]l.), a long and slender African nematoid worm ({Filaria Medinensis}) of a white color. It lives in the cellular tissue of man, beneath the skin, and produces painful sores. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Rush \Rush\, n. [OE. rusche, rische, resche, AS. risce, akin to LG. rusk, risch, D. & G. rusch; all probably fr. L. ruscum butcher's broom; akin to Goth. raus reed, G. rohr.] 1. (Bot.) A name given to many aquatic or marsh-growing endogenous plants with soft, slender stems, as the species of {Juncus} and {Scirpus}. Note: Some species are used in bottoming chairs and plaiting mats, and the pith is used in some places for wicks to lamps and rushlights. 2. The merest trifle; a straw. John Bull's friendship is not worth a rush. --Arbuthnot. {Bog rush}. See under {Bog}. {Club rush}, any rush of the genus {Scirpus}. {Flowering rush}. See under {Flowering}. {Nut rush} (a) Any plant of the genus {Scleria}, rushlike plants with hard nutlike fruits. (b) A name for several species of {Cyperus} having tuberous roots. {Rush broom}, an Australian leguminous plant ({Viminaria denudata}), having long, slender branches. Also, the Spanish broom. See under {Spanish}. {Rush candle}, See under {Candle}. {Rush grass}, any grass of the genus {Vilfa}, grasses with wiry stems and one-flowered spikelets. {Rush toad} (Zo[94]l.), the natterjack. {Scouring rush}. (Bot.) Same as {Dutch rush}, under {Dutch.} {Spike rush}, any rushlike plant of the genus {Eleocharis}, in which the flowers grow in dense spikes. {Sweet rush}, a sweet-scented grass of Arabia, etc. ({Andropogon sch[d2]nanthus}), used in Oriental medical practice. {Wood rush}, any plant of the genus {Luzula}, which differs in some technical characters from {Juncus}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Candle \Can"dle\, n. [OE. candel, candel, AS, candel, fr. L. candela a (white) light made of wax or tallow, fr. cand[89]re to be white. See {Candid}, and cf. {Chandler}, {Cannel}, {Kindle}.] 1. A slender, cylindrical body of tallow, containing a wick composed of loosely twisted linen of cotton threads, and used to furnish light. How far that little candle throws his beams! So shines a good deed in a naughty world. --Shak. Note: Candles are usually made by repeatedly dipping the wicks in the melted tallow, etc. ([bd]dipped candles[b8]), or by casting or running in a mold. 2. That which gives light; a luminary. By these blessed candles of the night. --Shak. {Candle nut}, the fruit of a euphorbiaceous shrub ({Aleurites triloba}), a native of some of the Pacific islands; -- socalled because, when dry, it will burn with a bright flame, and is used by the natives as a candle. The oil has many uses. {Candle power} (Photom.), illuminating power, as of a lamp, or gas flame, reckoned in terms of the light of a standard candle. {Electric candle}, A modification of the electric arc lamp, in which the carbon rods, instead of being placed end to end, are arranged side by side, and at a distance suitable for the formation of the arc at the tip; -- called also, from the name of the inventor, {Jablockoff candle}. {Excommunication by inch of candle}, a form of excommunication in which the offender is allowed time to repent only while a candle burns. {Not worth the candle}, not worth the cost or trouble. {Rush candle}, a candle made of the pith of certain rushes, peeled except on one side, and dipped in grease. {Sale by inch of candle}, an auction in which persons are allowed to bid only till a small piece of candle burns out. {Standard candle} (Photom.), a special form of candle employed as a standard in photometric measurements; usually, a candle of spermaceti so constructed as to burn at the rate of 120 grains, or 7.8 grams, per hour. {To curse by bell, book and candle}. See under {Bell}. | |
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]: | |
Rice County, KS (county, FIPS 159) Location: 38.34742 N, 98.20030 W Population (1990): 10610 (4868 housing units) Area: 1881.9 sq km (land), 4.4 sq km (water) Rice County, MN (county, FIPS 131) Location: 44.35684 N, 93.29748 W Population (1990): 49183 (17520 housing units) Area: 1288.7 sq km (land), 48.1 sq km (water) | |
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]: | |
Rich County, UT (county, FIPS 33) Location: 41.61901 N, 111.23869 W Population (1990): 1725 (1859 housing units) Area: 2664.1 sq km (land), 149.6 sq km (water) | |
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]: | |
Rocky Comfort, MO Zip code(s): 64861 | |
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]: | |
Rosa Sa]nchez, PR (comunidad, FIPS 72555) Location: 18.06353 N, 65.91377 W Population (1990): 1402 (413 housing units) Area: 1.5 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water) | |
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]: | |
Roseau County, MN (county, FIPS 135) Location: 48.77035 N, 95.79949 W Population (1990): 15026 (6236 housing units) Area: 4306.3 sq km (land), 41.0 sq km (water) | |
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]: | |
Rush Center, KS (city, FIPS 61775) Location: 38.46487 N, 99.31052 W Population (1990): 177 (97 housing units) Area: 1.0 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water) Zip code(s): 67575 | |
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]: | |
Rush County, IN (county, FIPS 139) Location: 39.61742 N, 85.46894 W Population (1990): 18129 (7014 housing units) Area: 1057.6 sq km (land), 0.8 sq km (water) Rush County, KS (county, FIPS 165) Location: 38.52342 N, 99.30873 W Population (1990): 3842 (1999 housing units) Area: 1860.3 sq km (land), 0.5 sq km (water) | |
From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]: | |
race condition Anomalous behavior due to unexpected critical dependence on the relative timing of events. For example, if one process writes to a file while another is reading from the same location then the data read may be the old contents, the new contents or some mixture of the two depending on the relative timing of the read and write operations. A common remedy in this kind of race condition is {file locking}; a more cumbersome remedy is to reorganize the system such that a certain processes (running a {daemon} or the like) is the only process that has access to the file, and all other processes that need to access the data in that file do so only via interprocess communication with that one process. As an example of a more subtle kind of race condition, consider a {distributed} {chat} {network} like {IRC}, where a {user} is granted channel-operator {privileges} in any channel he starts. If two users on different {servers}, on different ends of the same network, try to start the same-named channel at the same time, each user's respective server will grant channel-operator privileges to each user, since neither will yet have received the other's signal that that channel has been started. In this case of a race condition, the "shared resource" is the conception of the {state} of the network (what channels exist, as well as what users started them and therefore have what privileges), which each server is free to change as long as it signals the other servers on the network about the changes so that they can update their conception of the state of the network. However, the {latency} across the network makes possible the kind of race condition described. In this case, heading off race conditions by imposing a form of control over access to the shared resource -- say, appointing one server to be in charge of who holds what privileges -- would mean turning the distributed network into a centralized one (at least for that one part of the network operation). Where this is not acceptable, the more pragmatic solution is to have the system recognize when a race condition has occurred and to repair the ill effects. Race conditions also affect electronic circuits where the value output by a {logic gate} depends on the exact timing of two or more input signals. For example, consider a two input AND gate fed with a logic signal X on input A and its negation, NOT X, on input B. In theory, the output (X AND NOT X) should never be high. However, if changes in the value of X take longer to propagate to input B than to input A then when X changes from false to true, there will be a brief period during which both inputs are true, and so the gate's output will also be true. If this output is fed to an edge-sensitive component such as a counter or flip-flop then the temporary effect ("{glitch}") will become permanent. (2002-08-03) |