English Dictionary: reverence | by the DICT Development Group |
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From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Varnish \Var"nish\, n. [OE. vernish, F. vernis, LL. vernicium; akin to F. vernir to varnish, fr. (assumed) LL. vitrinire to glaze, from LL. vitrinus glassy, fr. L. vitrum glass. See {Vitreous}.] 1. A viscid liquid, consisting of a solution of resinous matter in an oil or a volatile liquid, laid on work with a brush, or otherwise. When applied the varnish soon dries, either by evaporation or chemical action, and the resinous part forms thus a smooth, hard surface, with a beautiful gloss, capable of resisting, to a greater or less degree, the influences of air and moisture. Note: According to the sorts of solvents employed, the ordinary kinds of varnish are divided into three classes: spirit, turpentine, and oil varnishes. --Encyc. Brit 2. That which resembles varnish, either naturally or artificially; a glossy appearance. The varnish of the holly and ivy. --Macaulay. 3. An artificial covering to give a fair appearance to any act or conduct; outside show; gloss. And set a double varnish on the fame The Frenchman gave you. --Shak. {Varnish tree} (Bot.), a tree or shrub from the juice or resin of which varnish is made, as some species of the genus {Rhus}, especially {R. vernicifera} of Japan. The black varnish of Burmah is obtained from the {Melanorrh[oe]a usitatissima}, a tall East Indian tree of the Cashew family. See {Copal}, and {Mastic}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reaffirm \Re`af*firm"\, v. t. To affirm again. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reaffirmance \Re`af*firm"ance\, Reaffirmation \Re*af`fir*ma"tion\n. A second affirmation. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reaffirmance \Re`af*firm"ance\, Reaffirmation \Re*af`fir*ma"tion\n. A second affirmation. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reappearance \Re`ap*pear"ance\, v. i. A second or new appearance; the act or state of appearing again. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reborn \Re*born"\, p. p. Born again. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reef \Reef\ (r?f), n. [Akin to D. rif, G. riff, Icel. rif, Dan. rev; cf. Icel. rifa rift, rent, fissure, rifa to rive, bear. Cf. {Rift}, {Rive}.] 1. A chain or range of rocks lying at or near the surface of the water. See {Coral reefs}, under {Coral}. 2. (Mining.) A large vein of auriferous quartz; -- so called in Australia. Hence, any body of rock yielding valuable ore. {Reef builder} (Zo[94]l.), any stony coral which contributes material to the formation of coral reefs. {Reef heron} (Zo[94]l.), any heron of the genus {Demigretta}; as, the blue reef heron ({D. jugularis}) of Australia. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reference \Ref"er*ence\ (r?f"?r-ens), n. [See {Refer}.] 1. The act of referring, or the state of being referred; as, reference to a chart for quidance. 2. That which refers to something; a specific direction of the attention; as, a reference in a text-book. 3. Relation; regard; respect. Something that hath a reference to my state. --Shak. 4. One who, or that which, is referred to. Specifically; (a) One of whom inquires can be made as to the integrity, capacity, and the like, of another. (b) A work, or a passage in a work, to which one is referred. 5. (Law) (a) The act of submitting a matter in dispute to the judgment of one or more persons for decision. (b) (Equity) The process of sending any matter, for inquiry in a cause, to a master or other officer, in order that he may ascertain facts and report to the court. 6. Appeal. [R.] [bd]Make your full reference.[b8] --Shak. {Reference Bible}, a Bible in which brief explanations, and references to parallel passages, are printed in the margin of the text. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reference \Ref"er*ence\ (r?f"?r-ens), n. [See {Refer}.] 1. The act of referring, or the state of being referred; as, reference to a chart for quidance. 2. That which refers to something; a specific direction of the attention; as, a reference in a text-book. 3. Relation; regard; respect. Something that hath a reference to my state. --Shak. 4. One who, or that which, is referred to. Specifically; (a) One of whom inquires can be made as to the integrity, capacity, and the like, of another. (b) A work, or a passage in a work, to which one is referred. 5. (Law) (a) The act of submitting a matter in dispute to the judgment of one or more persons for decision. (b) (Equity) The process of sending any matter, for inquiry in a cause, to a master or other officer, in order that he may ascertain facts and report to the court. 6. Appeal. [R.] [bd]Make your full reference.[b8] --Shak. {Reference Bible}, a Bible in which brief explanations, and references to parallel passages, are printed in the margin of the text. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Referendary \Ref`er*en"da*ry\ (r?f`?r*?n"d?*r?), n. [LL. referendarius, fr. L. referendus to be referred, gerundive of referre: cf. F. r[82]f[82]rendaire. See {Refer}.] 1. One to whose decision a cause is referred; a referee. [Obs.] --Bacon. 2. An officer who delivered the royal answer to petitions. [bd]Referendaries, or masters of request.[b8] --Harmar. 3. Formerly, an officer of state charged with the duty of procuring and dispatching diplomas and decrees. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Referendum \Ref`er*en"dum\, n.; pl. {-da}. [Gerundive fr. L. referre. See {Refer}.] The principle or practice of referring measures passed upon by the legislative body to the body of voters, or electorate, for approval or rejection, as in the Swiss cantons (except Freiburg) and in various local governments in the United States, and also in the local option laws, etc.; also, the right to so approve or reject laws, or the vote by which this is done. Referendum is distinguished from the mandate, or instruction of representatives by the people, from direct government by the people, in which they initiate and make the laws by direct action without representation, and from a plebiscite, or popular vote taken on any measure proposed by a person or body having the initiative but not constituting a representative or constituent body. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Referential \Ref`er*en"tial\ (-shal), a. Containing a reference; pointing to something out of itself; as, notes for referential use. -- {Ref`er*en"tial*ly}, adv. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Referential \Ref`er*en"tial\ (-shal), a. Containing a reference; pointing to something out of itself; as, notes for referential use. -- {Ref`er*en"tial*ly}, adv. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Referment \Re*fer"ment\ (r?*f?r"ment), n. The act of referring; reference. --Laud. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Referment \Re`*fer*ment"\ (r[?]`f[?]r*m[?]nt"), v. t. & i. To ferment, or cause to ferment, again. --Blackmore. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Refer \Re*fer"\ (r?*f?r"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Referred} (-f?rd); p. pr. & vb. n. {Referring}.] [F. r[82]f[82]rer, L. referre; pref. re- re- + ferre to bear. See {Bear} to carry.] 1. To carry or send back. [Obs.] --Chaucer. 2. Hence: To send or direct away; to send or direct elsewhere, as for treatment, aid, infirmation, decision, etc.; to make over, or pass over, to another; as, to refer a student to an author; to refer a beggar to an officer; to refer a bill to a committee; a court refers a matter of fact to a commissioner for investigation, or refers a question of law to a superior tribunal. 3. To place in or under by a mental or rational process; to assign to, as a class, a cause, source, a motive, reason, or ground of explanation; as, he referred the phenomena to electrical disturbances. {To refer one's self}, to have recourse; to betake one's self; to make application; to appeal. [Obs.] I'll refer me to all things sense. --Shak. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reffurnishment \Ref*fur"nish*ment\ (-ment), n. The act of refurnishing, or state of being refurnished. The refurnishment was in a style richer than before. --L. Wallace. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Re-form \Re-form"\ (r?*f?rm"), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. {Re-formed} (-f?rmd"); p. pr. & vb. n. {Re-forming}.] To give a new form to; to form anew; to take form again, or to take a new form; as, to re-form the line after a charge. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reform \Re*form"\ (r?*f?rm"), v. t. [F. r[82]former, L. reformare; pref. re- re- + formare to form, from forma form. See {Form}.] To put into a new and improved form or condition; to restore to a former good state, or bring from bad to good; to change from worse to better; to amend; to correct; as, to reform a profligate man; to reform corrupt manners or morals. The example alone of a vicious prince will corrupt an age; but that of a good one will not reform it. --Swift. Syn: To amend; correct; emend; rectify; mend; repair; better; improve; restore; reclaim. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reform \Re*form"\, v. i. To return to a good state; to amend or correct one's own character or habits; as, a man of settled habits of vice will seldom reform. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reform \Re*form"\, n. [F. r[82]forme.] Amendment of what is defective, vicious, corrupt, or depraved; reformation; as, reform of elections; reform of government. {Civil service reform}. See under {Civil}. {Reform acts} (Eng. Politics), acts of Parliament passed in 1832, 1867, 1884, 1885, extending and equalizing popular representation in Parliament. {Reform school}, a school established by a state or city government, for the confinement, instruction, and reformation of juvenile offenders, and of young persons of idle, vicious, and vagrant habits. [U. S.] Syn: Reformation; amendment; rectification; correction. See {Reformation}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Re-form \Re-form"\ (r?*f?rm"), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. {Re-formed} (-f?rmd"); p. pr. & vb. n. {Re-forming}.] To give a new form to; to form anew; to take form again, or to take a new form; as, to re-form the line after a charge. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reform \Re*form"\ (r?*f?rm"), v. t. [F. r[82]former, L. reformare; pref. re- re- + formare to form, from forma form. See {Form}.] To put into a new and improved form or condition; to restore to a former good state, or bring from bad to good; to change from worse to better; to amend; to correct; as, to reform a profligate man; to reform corrupt manners or morals. The example alone of a vicious prince will corrupt an age; but that of a good one will not reform it. --Swift. Syn: To amend; correct; emend; rectify; mend; repair; better; improve; restore; reclaim. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reform \Re*form"\, v. i. To return to a good state; to amend or correct one's own character or habits; as, a man of settled habits of vice will seldom reform. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reform \Re*form"\, n. [F. r[82]forme.] Amendment of what is defective, vicious, corrupt, or depraved; reformation; as, reform of elections; reform of government. {Civil service reform}. See under {Civil}. {Reform acts} (Eng. Politics), acts of Parliament passed in 1832, 1867, 1884, 1885, extending and equalizing popular representation in Parliament. {Reform school}, a school established by a state or city government, for the confinement, instruction, and reformation of juvenile offenders, and of young persons of idle, vicious, and vagrant habits. [U. S.] Syn: Reformation; amendment; rectification; correction. See {Reformation}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reform \Re*form"\, n. [F. r[82]forme.] Amendment of what is defective, vicious, corrupt, or depraved; reformation; as, reform of elections; reform of government. {Civil service reform}. See under {Civil}. {Reform acts} (Eng. Politics), acts of Parliament passed in 1832, 1867, 1884, 1885, extending and equalizing popular representation in Parliament. {Reform school}, a school established by a state or city government, for the confinement, instruction, and reformation of juvenile offenders, and of young persons of idle, vicious, and vagrant habits. [U. S.] Syn: Reformation; amendment; rectification; correction. See {Reformation}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reform \Re*form"\, n. [F. r[82]forme.] Amendment of what is defective, vicious, corrupt, or depraved; reformation; as, reform of elections; reform of government. {Civil service reform}. See under {Civil}. {Reform acts} (Eng. Politics), acts of Parliament passed in 1832, 1867, 1884, 1885, extending and equalizing popular representation in Parliament. {Reform school}, a school established by a state or city government, for the confinement, instruction, and reformation of juvenile offenders, and of young persons of idle, vicious, and vagrant habits. [U. S.] Syn: Reformation; amendment; rectification; correction. See {Reformation}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reformable \Re*form"a*ble\ (r?*f?rm"?*b'l), a. Capable of being reformed. --Foxe. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reformade \Ref`or*made"\ (r?f`?r*m?d"), n. A reformado. [Obs.] | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reformado \Ref`or*ma"do\ (-m?"d?), n. [Sp., fr. reformar, L. reformare. SEe {Reform}, v. t.] 1. A monk of a reformed order. [Obs.] --Weever. 2. An officer who, in disgrace, is deprived of his command, but retains his rank, and sometimes his pay. [Obs.] | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reformalize \Re*form"al*ize\ (r?*f?rm"al*?z), v. i. To affect reformation; to pretend to correctness. [R.] | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reformation \Ref`or*ma"tion\ (r?f`?r*m?"sh?n), n. [F. r[82]formation, L. reformatio.] 1. The act of reforming, or the state of being reformed; change from worse to better; correction or amendment of life, manners, or of anything vicious or corrupt; as, the reformation of manners; reformation of the age; reformation of abuses. Satire lashes vice into reformation. --Dryden. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Re-formation \Re`-for*ma"tion\ (r?`f?r*m?"sh?n), n. The act of forming anew; a second forming in order; as, the reformation of a column of troops into a hollow square. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reformation \Ref`or*ma"tion\ (r?f`?r*m?"sh?n), n. [F. r[82]formation, L. reformatio.] 1. The act of reforming, or the state of being reformed; change from worse to better; correction or amendment of life, manners, or of anything vicious or corrupt; as, the reformation of manners; reformation of the age; reformation of abuses. Satire lashes vice into reformation. --Dryden. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Re-formation \Re`-for*ma"tion\ (r?`f?r*m?"sh?n), n. The act of forming anew; a second forming in order; as, the reformation of a column of troops into a hollow square. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reformative \Re*form"a*tive\ (r?*f?rm"?*t?v), a. Forming again; having the quality of renewing form; reformatory. --Good. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reformatory \Re*form"a*to*ry\ (-t?*r?), a. Tending to produce reformation; reformative. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reformatory \Re*form"a*to*ry\, n.; pl. {-ries} (-r[?]z). An institution for promoting the reformation of offenders. Magistrates may send juvenile offenders to reformatories instead of to prisons. --Eng. Cyc. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Re-form \Re-form"\ (r?*f?rm"), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. {Re-formed} (-f?rmd"); p. pr. & vb. n. {Re-forming}.] To give a new form to; to form anew; to take form again, or to take a new form; as, to re-form the line after a charge. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reformed \Re*formed"\ (r?*f?rmd"), a. 1. Corrected; amended; restored to purity or excellence; said, specifically, of the whole body of Protestant churches originating in the Reformation. Also, in a more restricted sense, of those who separated from Luther on the doctrine of consubstantiation, etc., and carried the Reformation, as they claimed, to a higher point. The Protestant churches founded by them in Switzerland, France, Holland, and part of Germany, were called the Reformed churches. The town was one of the strongholds of the Reformed faith. --Macaulay. 2. Amended in character and life; as, a reformed gambler or drunkard. 3. (Mil.) Retained in service on half or full pay after the disbandment of the company or troop; -- said of an officer. [Eng.] | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Re-form \Re-form"\ (r?*f?rm"), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. {Re-formed} (-f?rmd"); p. pr. & vb. n. {Re-forming}.] To give a new form to; to form anew; to take form again, or to take a new form; as, to re-form the line after a charge. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reformed \Re*formed"\ (r?*f?rmd"), a. 1. Corrected; amended; restored to purity or excellence; said, specifically, of the whole body of Protestant churches originating in the Reformation. Also, in a more restricted sense, of those who separated from Luther on the doctrine of consubstantiation, etc., and carried the Reformation, as they claimed, to a higher point. The Protestant churches founded by them in Switzerland, France, Holland, and part of Germany, were called the Reformed churches. The town was one of the strongholds of the Reformed faith. --Macaulay. 2. Amended in character and life; as, a reformed gambler or drunkard. 3. (Mil.) Retained in service on half or full pay after the disbandment of the company or troop; -- said of an officer. [Eng.] | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Presbyterian \Pres`by*te"ri*an\, n. [Cf. F. presbyt[82]rien.] One who maintains the validity of ordination and government by presbyters; a member of the Presbyterian church. {Reformed Presbyterians}. See {Cameronian}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reformer \Re*form"er\ (r?*f?rm"?r), n. 1. One who effects a reformation or amendment; one who labors for, or urges, reform; as, a reformer of manners, or of abuses. 2. (Eccl.Hist.) One of those who commenced the reformation of religion in the sixteenth century, as Luther, Melanchthon, Zwingli, and Calvin. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Re-form \Re-form"\ (r?*f?rm"), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. {Re-formed} (-f?rmd"); p. pr. & vb. n. {Re-forming}.] To give a new form to; to form anew; to take form again, or to take a new form; as, to re-form the line after a charge. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reformist \Re*form"ist\, n. [Cf. F. r[82]formiste.] A reformer. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reformly \Re*form"ly\, adv. In the manner of a reform; for the purpose of reform. [Obs.] --Milton. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Refrain \Re*frain"\ (r?*fr?n"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Refrained} (-fr?nd"); p. pr. & vb/ n. {Refraining}.] [OE. refreinen, OF. refrener, F. refr[?]ner, fr. L. refrenare; influenced by OF. refraindre to restrain, moderate, fr. LL. refrangere, for L. refringere to break up, break (see {Refract}). L. refrenare is fr. pref. re- back + frenum bridle; cf. Skr. dh[?] to hold.] 1. To hold back; to restrain; to keep within prescribed bounds; to curb; to govern. His reson refraineth not his foul delight or talent. --Chaucer. Refrain thy foot from their path. --Prov. i. 15. 2. To abstain from [Obs.] Who, requiring a remedy for his gout, received no other counsel than to refrain cold drink. --Sir T. Browne. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Refrain \Re*frain"\, v. i. To keep one's self from action or interference; to hold aloof; to forbear; to abstain. Refrain from these men, and let them alone. --Acts v. 38. They refrained therefrom [eating flesh] some time after. --Sir T. Browne. Syn: To hold back; forbear; abstain; withhold. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Refrain \Re*frain"\, n. [F. refrain, fr. OF. refraindre; cf. Pr. refranhs a refrain, refranher to repeat. See {Refract},{Refrain}, v.] The burden of a song; a phrase or verse which recurs at the end of each of the separate stanzas or divisions of a poetic composition. We hear the wild refrain. --Whittier. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Refrain \Re*frain"\ (r?*fr?n"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Refrained} (-fr?nd"); p. pr. & vb/ n. {Refraining}.] [OE. refreinen, OF. refrener, F. refr[?]ner, fr. L. refrenare; influenced by OF. refraindre to restrain, moderate, fr. LL. refrangere, for L. refringere to break up, break (see {Refract}). L. refrenare is fr. pref. re- back + frenum bridle; cf. Skr. dh[?] to hold.] 1. To hold back; to restrain; to keep within prescribed bounds; to curb; to govern. His reson refraineth not his foul delight or talent. --Chaucer. Refrain thy foot from their path. --Prov. i. 15. 2. To abstain from [Obs.] Who, requiring a remedy for his gout, received no other counsel than to refrain cold drink. --Sir T. Browne. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Refrainer \Re*frain"er\ (r?*fr?n"?r), n. One who refrains. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Refrain \Re*frain"\ (r?*fr?n"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Refrained} (-fr?nd"); p. pr. & vb/ n. {Refraining}.] [OE. refreinen, OF. refrener, F. refr[?]ner, fr. L. refrenare; influenced by OF. refraindre to restrain, moderate, fr. LL. refrangere, for L. refringere to break up, break (see {Refract}). L. refrenare is fr. pref. re- back + frenum bridle; cf. Skr. dh[?] to hold.] 1. To hold back; to restrain; to keep within prescribed bounds; to curb; to govern. His reson refraineth not his foul delight or talent. --Chaucer. Refrain thy foot from their path. --Prov. i. 15. 2. To abstain from [Obs.] Who, requiring a remedy for his gout, received no other counsel than to refrain cold drink. --Sir T. Browne. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Refrainment \Re*frain"ment\ (-ment), n. Act of refraining. [R.] | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reframe \Re*frame"\ (r?*fr?m), v. t. To frame again or anew. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Refrangibility \Re*fran`gi*bil"i*ty\ (r?*fr?n`j?*b?l"?*t?), n. [Cf. F. r[82]frangibilit[82].] The quality of being refrangible. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Refrangible \Re*fran"gi*ble\ (-fr?n"j?*b'l), a. [Cf. F. r[82]frangible. See {Refract}.] Capable of being refracted, or turned out of a direct course, in passing from one medium to another, as rays of light. -- {Re*fran"gi*ble*ness}, n. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Refrangible \Re*fran"gi*ble\ (-fr?n"j?*b'l), a. [Cf. F. r[82]frangible. See {Refract}.] Capable of being refracted, or turned out of a direct course, in passing from one medium to another, as rays of light. -- {Re*fran"gi*ble*ness}, n. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Refrenation \Ref`re*na"tion\ (r?f`r?*n?"sh?n), n. [L. refrenatio. See {Refrain}, v. t.] The act of refraining. [Obs.] | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Refringency \Re*frin"gen*cy\ (r?*fr?n"jen*s?), n. The power possessed by a substance to refract a ray; as, different substances have different refringencies. --Nichol. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Refringent \Re*frin"gent\ (-jent), a. [L. refringens, p. pr. of refringere. See {Refract}.] Pertaining to, or possessing, refringency; refractive; refracting; as, a refringent prism of spar. --Nichol. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Refurnish \Re*fur"nish\ (-n?sh), v. t. To furnish again. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Repair \Re*pair"\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Repaired} (-p?rd"); p. pr. & vb. n. {Repairing}.] [F. r[82]parer, L. reparare; pref. re- re- + parare to prepare. See {Pare}, and cf. {Reparation}.] 1. To restore to a sound or good state after decay, injury, dilapidation, or partial destruction; to renew; to restore; to mend; as, to repair a house, a road, a shoe, or a ship; to repair a shattered fortune. Secret refreshings that repair his strength. --Milton. Do thou, as thou art wont, repair My heart with gladness. --Wordsworth. 2. To make amends for, as for an injury, by an equivalent; to indemnify for; as, to repair a loss or damage. I 'll repair the misery thou dost bear. --Shak. Syn: To restore, recover; renew; amend; mend; retrieve; recruit. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Repairment \Re*pair"ment\, n. Act of repairing. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reprehend \Rep`re*hend"\ (r?p`r?-h?nd"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Reprehended}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Reprehending}.] [L. reprehendere, reprehensum, to hold back, seize, check, blame; pref. re- re- + prehendere to lay hold of. See {Prehensile}, and cf. {Reprisal}. ] To reprove or reprimand with a view of restraining, checking, or preventing; to make charge of fault against; to disapprove of; to chide; to blame; to censure. --Chaucer. Aristippus being reprehended of luxury by one that was not rich, for that he gave six crowns for a small fish. --Bacon. Pardon me for reprehending thee. --Shak. In which satire human vices, ignorance, and errors . . . are severely reprehended. --Dryden. I nor advise nor reprehend the choice. --J. Philips. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reprehend \Rep`re*hend"\ (r?p`r?-h?nd"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Reprehended}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Reprehending}.] [L. reprehendere, reprehensum, to hold back, seize, check, blame; pref. re- re- + prehendere to lay hold of. See {Prehensile}, and cf. {Reprisal}. ] To reprove or reprimand with a view of restraining, checking, or preventing; to make charge of fault against; to disapprove of; to chide; to blame; to censure. --Chaucer. Aristippus being reprehended of luxury by one that was not rich, for that he gave six crowns for a small fish. --Bacon. Pardon me for reprehending thee. --Shak. In which satire human vices, ignorance, and errors . . . are severely reprehended. --Dryden. I nor advise nor reprehend the choice. --J. Philips. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reprehender \Rep`re*hend"er\ (-?r), n. One who reprehends. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reprehend \Rep`re*hend"\ (r?p`r?-h?nd"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Reprehended}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Reprehending}.] [L. reprehendere, reprehensum, to hold back, seize, check, blame; pref. re- re- + prehendere to lay hold of. See {Prehensile}, and cf. {Reprisal}. ] To reprove or reprimand with a view of restraining, checking, or preventing; to make charge of fault against; to disapprove of; to chide; to blame; to censure. --Chaucer. Aristippus being reprehended of luxury by one that was not rich, for that he gave six crowns for a small fish. --Bacon. Pardon me for reprehending thee. --Shak. In which satire human vices, ignorance, and errors . . . are severely reprehended. --Dryden. I nor advise nor reprehend the choice. --J. Philips. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reprehensible \Rep`re*hen"si*ble\ (-h?n"s?-b'l), a. [L. reprehensibilis: cf. F. r[82]pr[82]hensible.] Worthy of reprehension; culpable; censurable; blamable. -- {Rep`re*hen"si*ble*ness}, n. -- {Rep`re*hen"si*bly}, adv. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reprehensible \Rep`re*hen"si*ble\ (-h?n"s?-b'l), a. [L. reprehensibilis: cf. F. r[82]pr[82]hensible.] Worthy of reprehension; culpable; censurable; blamable. -- {Rep`re*hen"si*ble*ness}, n. -- {Rep`re*hen"si*bly}, adv. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reprehensible \Rep`re*hen"si*ble\ (-h?n"s?-b'l), a. [L. reprehensibilis: cf. F. r[82]pr[82]hensible.] Worthy of reprehension; culpable; censurable; blamable. -- {Rep`re*hen"si*ble*ness}, n. -- {Rep`re*hen"si*bly}, adv. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reprehension \Rep`re*hen"sion\ (-sh?n), n. [L. reprehensio: cf. F. r[82]pr[82]hension.] Reproof; censure; blame; disapproval. This Basilius took as though his mistress had given him a secret reprehension that he had not showed more gratefulness to Dorus. --Sir P. Sidney. Syn: Censure; reproof; reprimand. See {Admonition}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reprehensive \Rep`re*hen"sive\ (-h?n"s?v), a. [Cf. F. r[82]pr[82]hensif.] Containing reprehension; conveying reproof. --South. -- {Rep`re*hen"sive*ly}, adv. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reprehensive \Rep`re*hen"sive\ (-h?n"s?v), a. [Cf. F. r[82]pr[82]hensif.] Containing reprehension; conveying reproof. --South. -- {Rep`re*hen"sive*ly}, adv. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reprehensory \Rep`re*hen"so*ry\ (-s?-r?), a. Containing reproof; reprehensive; as, reprehensory complaint. --Johnson. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reprimand \Rep"ri*mand\ (r?p"r?-m?nd), n. [F. r[82]primande, fr. L. reprimendus, reprimenda, that is to be checked or suppressed, fr. reprimere to check, repress; pref. re- re + premere to press. See {Press}, and cf. {Repress}.] Severe or formal reproof; reprehension, private or public. Goldsmith gave his landlady a sharp reprimand for her treatment of him. --Macaulay. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reprimand \Rep"ri*mand\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Reprimanded}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Reprimanding}.] [Cf. F. r[82]primander. See {Reprimand}, n.] 1. To reprove severely; to reprehend; to chide for a fault; to consure formally. Germanicus was severely reprimanded by Tiberius for traveling into Egypt without his permission. --Arbuthnot. 2. To reprove publicly and officially, in execution of a sentence; as, the court ordered him to be reprimanded. Syn: To reprove; reprehend; chide; rebuke; censure; blame. See {Reprove}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reprimand \Rep"ri*mand\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Reprimanded}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Reprimanding}.] [Cf. F. r[82]primander. See {Reprimand}, n.] 1. To reprove severely; to reprehend; to chide for a fault; to consure formally. Germanicus was severely reprimanded by Tiberius for traveling into Egypt without his permission. --Arbuthnot. 2. To reprove publicly and officially, in execution of a sentence; as, the court ordered him to be reprimanded. Syn: To reprove; reprehend; chide; rebuke; censure; blame. See {Reprove}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reprimander \Rep"ri*mand`er\ (-m?nd`?r), n. One who reprimands. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reprimand \Rep"ri*mand\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Reprimanded}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Reprimanding}.] [Cf. F. r[82]primander. See {Reprimand}, n.] 1. To reprove severely; to reprehend; to chide for a fault; to consure formally. Germanicus was severely reprimanded by Tiberius for traveling into Egypt without his permission. --Arbuthnot. 2. To reprove publicly and officially, in execution of a sentence; as, the court ordered him to be reprimanded. Syn: To reprove; reprehend; chide; rebuke; censure; blame. See {Reprove}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reprimer \Re*prim"er\ (r?-pr?m"?r), n. (Firearms) A machine or implement for applying fresh primers to spent cartridge shells, so that the shells be used again. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reprine \Re*prine"\ (r?-pr?n"), v. t. To prune again or anew. Yet soon reprunes her wing to soar anew. --Young. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reprint \Re*print"\ (r?-pr?nt"), v. t. 1. To print again; to print a second or a new edition of. 2. To renew the impression of. The whole business of our redemption is . . . to reprint God's image upon the soul. --South. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reprint \Re"print`\ (r?"pr?nt`), n. A second or a new impression or edition of any printed work; specifically, the publication in one country of a work previously published in another. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reprinter \Re*print"er\ (r?-pr?nt"?r), n. One who reprints. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reverence \Rev"er*ence\, n. [F. r[82]v[82]rence, L. reverentia. See {Reverent}.] 1. Profound respect and esteem mingled with fear and affection, as for a holy being or place; the disposition to revere; veneration. If thou be poor, farewell thy reverence. --Chaucer. Reverence, which is the synthesis of love and fear. --Coleridge. When discords, and quarrels, and factions, are carried openly and audaciously, it is a sign the reverence of government islost. --Bacon. Note: Formerly, as in Chaucer, reverence denoted [bd]respect[b8] [bd]honor[b8], without awe or fear. 2. The act of revering; a token of respect or veneration; an obeisance. Make twenty reverences upon receiving . . . about twopence. --Goldsmith. And each of them doeth all his diligence To do unto the feast reverence. --Chaucer. 3. That which deserves or exacts manifestations of reverence; reverend character; dignity; state. I am forced to lay my reverence by. --Shak. 4. A person entitled to be revered; -- a title applied to priests or other ministers with the pronouns his or your; sometimes poetically to a father. --Shak. {Save your reverence}, {Saving your reverence}, an apologetical phrase for an unseemly expression made in the presence of a priest or clergyman. {Sir reverence}, a contracted form of Save your reverence. Such a one as a man may not speak of, without he say. [bd]Sir reverence.[b8] --Shak. {To do reverence}, to show reverence or honor; to perform an act of reverence. Now lies he there, And none so poor to do him reverence. --Shak. Syn: Awe; honor; veneration; adoration; dread. Usage: {Awe}, {Reverence}, {Dread}, {Veneration}. Reverence is a strong sentiment of respect and esteem, sometimes mingled slightly with fear; as, reverence for the divine law. Awe is a mixed feeling of sublimity and dread in view of something great or terrible, sublime or sacred; as, awe at the divine presence. It does not necessarily imply love. Dread is an anxious fear in view of an impending evil; as, dread of punishment. Veneration is reverence in its strongest manifestations. It is the highest emotion we can exercise toward human beings. Exalted and noble objects produce reverence; terrific and threatening objects awaken dread; a sense of the divine presence fills us with awe; a union of wisdom and virtue in one who is advanced in years inspires us with veneration. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reverence \Rev"er*ence\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Reverenced}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Reverencing}.] To regard or treat with reverence; to regard with respect and affection mingled with fear; to venerate. Let . . . the wife see that she reverence her husband. --Eph. v. 33. Those that I reverence those I fear, the wise. --Shak. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reverence \Rev"er*ence\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Reverenced}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Reverencing}.] To regard or treat with reverence; to regard with respect and affection mingled with fear; to venerate. Let . . . the wife see that she reverence her husband. --Eph. v. 33. Those that I reverence those I fear, the wise. --Shak. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reverencer \Rev"er*en*cer\, n. One who regards with reverence. [bd]Reverencers of crowned heads.[b8] --Swift. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reverence \Rev"er*ence\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Reverenced}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Reverencing}.] To regard or treat with reverence; to regard with respect and affection mingled with fear; to venerate. Let . . . the wife see that she reverence her husband. --Eph. v. 33. Those that I reverence those I fear, the wise. --Shak. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reverend \Rev"er*end\, a. [F. r[82]v[82]rend, L. reverendus, fr. revereri. See {Revere}.] Worthy of reverence; entitled to respect mingled with fear and affection; venerable. A reverend sire among them came. --Milton. They must give good example and reverend deportment in the face of their children. --Jer. Taylor. Note: This word is commonly given as a title of respect to ecclesiastics. A clergyman is styled the reverend; a dean, the very reverend; a bishop, the right reverend; an archbishop, the most reverend. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reverendly \Rev"er*end*ly\, adv. Reverently. [Obs.] --Foxe. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reverent \Rev"er*ent\, a. [L. reverens, -entis, p. pr. of revereri. See {Revere}.] 1. Disposed to revere; impressed with reverence; submissive; humble; respectful; as, reverent disciples. [bd]They . . . prostrate fell before him reverent.[b8] --Milton. 2. Expressing reverence, veneration, devotion, or submission; as, reverent words; reverent behavior. --Joye. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reverential \Rev`er*en"tial\, a. [Cf. F. r[82]v[82]renciel. See {Reverence}.] Proceeding from, or expressing, reverence; having a reverent quality; reverent; as, reverential fear or awe. [bd]A reverential esteem of things sacred.[b8] --South. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reverentially \Rev`er*en"tial*ly\, adv. In a reverential manner. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reverently \Rev"er*ent*ly\, adv. In a reverent manner; in respectful regard. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Revere \Re*vere"\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Revered}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Revering}.] [L. revereri; pref. re- re- + vereri to fear, perh. akin to E. wary: cf. F. r[82]v[82]rer.] To regard with reverence, or profound respect and affection, mingled with awe or fear; to venerate; to reverence; to honor in estimation. Marcus Aurelius, whom he rather revered as his father than treated as his partner in the empire. --Addison. Syn: To venerate; adore; reverence. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Ribbon \Rib"bon\, n. [OE. riban, OF. riban, F. ruban, probably of German origin; cf. D. ringband collar, necklace, E. ring circle, and band.] [Written also {riband}, {ribband}.] 1. A fillet or narrow woven fabric, commonly of silk, used for trimming some part of a woman's attire, for badges, and other decorative purposes. 2. A narrow strip or shred; as, a steel or magnesium ribbon; sails torn to ribbons. 3. (Shipbuilding) Same as {Rib-band}. 4. pl. Driving reins. [Cant] --London Athen[91]um. 5. (Her.) A bearing similar to the bend, but only one eighth as wide. 6. (Spinning) A silver. Note: The blue ribbon, and The red ribbon, are phrases often used to designate the British orders of the Garter and of the Bath, respectively, the badges of which are suspended by ribbons of these colors. See {Blue ribbon}, under {Blue}. {Ribbon fish}. (Zo[94]l.) (a) Any elongated, compressed, ribbon-shaped marine fish of the family {Trachypterid[91]}, especially the species of the genus {Trachypterus}, and the oarfish ({Regelecus Banksii}) of the North Atlantic, which is sometimes over twenty feet long. (b) The hairtail, or bladefish. (c) A small compressed marine fish of the genus {Cepola}, having a long, slender, tapering tail. The European species ({C. rubescens}) is light red throughout. Called also {band fish}. {Ribbon grass} (Bot.), a variety of reed canary grass having the leaves stripped with green and white; -- called also {Lady's garters}. See {Reed grass}, under {Reed}. {Ribbon seal} (Zo[94]l.), a North Pacific seal ({Histriophoca fasciata}). The adult male is dark brown, conspicuously banded and striped with yellowish white. {Ribbon snake} (Zo[94]l.), a common North American snake ({Eutainia saurita}). It is conspicuously striped with bright yellow and dark brown. {Ribbon Society}, a society in Ireland, founded in the early part of the 19th century in antagonism to the Orangemen. It afterwards became an organization of tennant farmers banded together to prevent eviction by landlords. It took its name from the green ribbon worn by members as a badge. {Ribborn worm}. (Zo[94]l.) (a) A tapeworm. (b) A nemertean. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Riparian \Ri*pa"ri*an\, a. [L. riparius, fr. ripa a bank. See {River}, and cf. {Arrive}.] Of or pertaining to the bank of a river; as, riparian rights. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Mussel \Mus"sel\, n. [See {Muscle}, 3.] 1. (Zo[94]l.) Any one of many species of marine bivalve shells of the genus {Mytilus}, and related genera, of the family {Mytid[91]}. The common mussel ({Mytilus edulis}; see Illust. under {Byssus}), and the larger, or horse, mussel ({Modiola modiolus}), inhabiting the shores both of Europe and America, are edible. The former is extensively used as food in Europe. 2. (Zo[94]l.) Any one of numerous species of {Unio}, and related fresh-water genera; -- called also {river mussel}. See {Naiad}, and {Unio}. {Mussel digger} (Zo[94]l.), the grayback whale. See {Gray whale}, under {Gray}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Roborant \Rob"o*rant\, a. [L. roborans, p. pr. See {Roborate}.] Strengthening. -- n. (Med.) A strengthening medicine; a tonic. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Roborean \Ro*bo"re*an\, Roboreous \Ro*bo"re*ous\, a. [L. roboreus.] Made of oak. [Obs.] | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Rope-yarn \Rope"-yarn`\, n. the yarn or thread of any stuff of which the strands of a rope are made. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Rub \Rub\, n. [Cf. W. rhwb. See Rub, v,t,] 1. The act of rubbing; friction. 2. That which rubs; that which tends to hinder or obstruct motion or progress; hindrance; obstruction, an impediment; especially, a difficulty or obstruction hard to overcome; a pinch. Every rub is smoothed on our way. --Shak. To sleep, perchance to dream; ay, there's the rub. --Shak. Upon this rub, the English ambassadors thought fit to demur. --Hayward. One knows not, certainly, what other rubs might have been ordained for us by a wise Providence. --W. Besant. 3. Inequality of surface, as of the ground in the game of bowls; unevenness. --Shak. 4. Something grating to the feelings; sarcasm; joke; as, a hard rub. 5. Imperfection; failing; fault. [Obs.] --Beau. & Fl. 6. A chance. [Obs.] Flight shall leave no Greek a rub. --Chapman. 7. A stone, commonly flat, used to sharpen cutting tools; a whetstone; -- called also {rubstone}. {Rub iron}, an iron guard on a wagon body, against which a wheel rubs when cramped too much. | |
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]: | |
Reform, AL (city, FIPS 64104) Location: 33.37956 N, 88.01670 W Population (1990): 2105 (878 housing units) Area: 20.8 sq km (land), 0.1 sq km (water) Zip code(s): 35481 | |
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]: | |
Rivermines, MO (village, FIPS 62084) Location: 37.84415 N, 90.52988 W Population (1990): 459 (159 housing units) Area: 1.9 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water) | |
From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]: | |
reference {pointer} | |
From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]: | |
reference counting {memory cell} contains a count of the number of other cells which point to it. If this count reaches zero the cell is freed and its {pointers} to other cells are followed to decrement their counts, and so on {recursively}. This technique cannot cope with {circular data structures}. Cells in such structures refer (indirectly) to themselves and so will never have a zero reference count. This means they would never be reclaimed, even when there are no references from outside the structure. (1995-02-22) | |
From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]: | |
referential integrity possessed by data in a {relational database}. For example, in a database of family members, if we enter A as a spouse of B, we should also enter B as a spouse of A. Similarly, if we remove one end of the relationship we should also remove the other. (1998-02-18) | |
From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]: | |
referential transparency any subexpression and its value (the result of evaluating it) can be interchanged without changing the value of E. This is not the case if the value of an expression depends on global state which can change value. The most common example of changing global state is assignment to a global variable. For example, if y is a global variable in: f(x) { return x+y; } g(z) { a = f(1); y = y + z; return a + f(1); } function g has the "{side-effect}" that it alters the value of y. Since f's result depends on y, the two calls to f(1) will return different results even though the argument is the same. Thus f is not referentially transparent. Changing the order of evaluation of the statements in g will change its result. {Pure functional languages} achieve referential transparency by forbidding {assignment} to global variables. Each expression is a constant or a function application whose evaluation has no side-effect, it only returns a value and that value depends only on the definition of the function and the values of its arguments. We could make f above referentially transparent by passing in y as an argument: f(x, y) = x+y Similarly, g would need to take y as an argument and return its new value as part of the result: g(z, y) { a = f(1, y); y' = y+z; return (a + f(1, y'), y'); } Referentially transparent programs are more amenable to {formal methods} and easier to reason about because the meaning of an expression depends only on the meaning of its subexpressions and not on the order of evaluation or side-effects of other expressions. We can stretch the concept of referential transparency to include input and output if we consider the whole program to be a function from its input to its output. The program as a whole is referentially transparent because it will always produce the same output when given the same input. This is stretching the concept because the program's input may include what the user types, the content of certain files or even the time of day. If we do not consider global state like the contents of files as input, then writing to a file and reading what was written behaves just like assignment to a global variable. However, if we must consider the state of the universe as an input rather than global state then any {deterministic} system would be referentially transparent! See also {extensional equality}, {observational equivalence}. (1997-03-25) | |
From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]: | |
referentially transparent {referential transparency} |