English Dictionary: justifier | by the DICT Development Group |
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From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
{Jack rabbit} (Zo[94]l.), any one of several species of large American hares, having very large ears and long legs. The California species ({Lepus Californicus}), and that of Texas and New Mexico ({L. callotis}), have the tail black above, and the ears black at the tip. They do not become white in winter. The more northern prairie hare ({L. campestris}) has the upper side of the tail white, and in winter its fur becomes nearly white. {Jack rafter} (Arch.), in England, one of the shorter rafters used in constructing a hip or valley roof; in the United States, any secondary roof timber, as the common rafters resting on purlins in a trussed roof; also, one of the pieces simulating extended rafters, used under the eaves in some styles of building. {Jack salmon} (Zo[94]l.), the wall-eyed pike, or glasseye. {Jack sauce}, an impudent fellow. [Colloq. & Obs.] {Jack shaft} (Mach.), the first intermediate shaft, in a factory or mill, which receives power, through belts or gearing, from a prime mover, and transmits it, by the same means, to other intermediate shafts or to a line shaft. {Jack sinker} (Knitting Mach.), a thin iron plate operated by the jack to depress the loop of thread between two needles. {Jack snipe}. (Zo[94]l.) See in the Vocabulary. {Jack staff} (Naut.), a staff fixed on the bowsprit cap, upon which the jack is hoisted. {Jack timber} (Arch.), any timber, as a rafter, rib, or studding, which, being intercepted, is shorter than the others. {Jack towel}, a towel hung on a roller for common use. {Jack truss} (Arch.), in a hip roof, a minor truss used where the roof has not its full section. {Jack tree}. (Bot.) See 1st {Jack}, n. {Jack yard} (Naut.), a short spar to extend a topsail beyond the gaff. {Blue jack}, blue vitriol; sulphate of copper. {Hydraulic jack}, a jack used for lifting, pulling, or forcing, consisting of a compact portable hydrostatic press, with its pump and a reservoir containing a supply of liquid, as oil. {Jack-at-a-pinch}. (a) One called upon to take the place of another in an emergency. (b) An itinerant parson who conducts an occasional service for a fee. {Jack-at-all-trades}, one who can turn his hand to any kind of work. {Jack-by-the-hedge} (Bot.), a plant of the genus {Erysimum} ({E. alliaria}, or {Alliaria officinalis}), which grows under hedges. It bears a white flower and has a taste not unlike garlic. Called also, in England, {sauce-alone}. --Eng. Cyc. {Jack-in-a-box}. (a) (Bot.) A tropical tree ({Hernandia sonora}), which bears a drupe that rattles when dry in the inflated calyx. (b) A child's toy, consisting of a box, out of which, when the lid is raised, a figure springs. (c) (Mech.) An epicyclic train of bevel gears for transmitting rotary motion to two parts in such a manner that their relative rotation may be variable; applied to driving the wheels of tricycles, road locomotives, and to cotton machinery, etc.; an equation box; a jack frame; -- called also {compensating gearing}. (d) A large wooden screw turning in a nut attached to the crosspiece of a rude press. {Jack-in-office}, an insolent fellow in authority. --Wolcott. {Jack-in-the-bush} (Bot.), a tropical shrub with red fruit ({Cordia Cylindrostachya}). {Jack-in-the-green}, a chimney sweep inclosed in a framework of boughs, carried in Mayday processions. {Jack-in-the-pulpit} (Bot.), the American plant {Aris[91]ma triphyllum}, or Indian turnip, in which the upright spadix is inclosed. {Jack-of-the-buttery} (Bot.), the stonecrop ({Sedum acre}). {Jack-of-the-clock}, a figure, usually of a man, on old clocks, which struck the time on the bell. {Jack-on-both-sides}, one who is or tries to be neutral. {Jack-out-of-office}, one who has been in office and is turned out. --Shak. {Jack the Giant Killer}, the hero of a well-known nursery story. {Jack-with-a-lantern}, {Jack-o'-lantern}. (a) An ignis fatuus; a will-o'-the-wisp. [bd][Newspaper speculations] supplying so many more jack-o'-lanterns to the future historian.[b8] --Lowell. (b) A lantern made of a pumpkin so prepared as to show in illumination the features of a human face, etc. {Yellow Jack} (Naut.), the yellow fever; also, the quarantine flag. See {Yellow flag}, under {Flag}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
{Jack rabbit} (Zo[94]l.), any one of several species of large American hares, having very large ears and long legs. The California species ({Lepus Californicus}), and that of Texas and New Mexico ({L. callotis}), have the tail black above, and the ears black at the tip. They do not become white in winter. The more northern prairie hare ({L. campestris}) has the upper side of the tail white, and in winter its fur becomes nearly white. {Jack rafter} (Arch.), in England, one of the shorter rafters used in constructing a hip or valley roof; in the United States, any secondary roof timber, as the common rafters resting on purlins in a trussed roof; also, one of the pieces simulating extended rafters, used under the eaves in some styles of building. {Jack salmon} (Zo[94]l.), the wall-eyed pike, or glasseye. {Jack sauce}, an impudent fellow. [Colloq. & Obs.] {Jack shaft} (Mach.), the first intermediate shaft, in a factory or mill, which receives power, through belts or gearing, from a prime mover, and transmits it, by the same means, to other intermediate shafts or to a line shaft. {Jack sinker} (Knitting Mach.), a thin iron plate operated by the jack to depress the loop of thread between two needles. {Jack snipe}. (Zo[94]l.) See in the Vocabulary. {Jack staff} (Naut.), a staff fixed on the bowsprit cap, upon which the jack is hoisted. {Jack timber} (Arch.), any timber, as a rafter, rib, or studding, which, being intercepted, is shorter than the others. {Jack towel}, a towel hung on a roller for common use. {Jack truss} (Arch.), in a hip roof, a minor truss used where the roof has not its full section. {Jack tree}. (Bot.) See 1st {Jack}, n. {Jack yard} (Naut.), a short spar to extend a topsail beyond the gaff. {Blue jack}, blue vitriol; sulphate of copper. {Hydraulic jack}, a jack used for lifting, pulling, or forcing, consisting of a compact portable hydrostatic press, with its pump and a reservoir containing a supply of liquid, as oil. {Jack-at-a-pinch}. (a) One called upon to take the place of another in an emergency. (b) An itinerant parson who conducts an occasional service for a fee. {Jack-at-all-trades}, one who can turn his hand to any kind of work. {Jack-by-the-hedge} (Bot.), a plant of the genus {Erysimum} ({E. alliaria}, or {Alliaria officinalis}), which grows under hedges. It bears a white flower and has a taste not unlike garlic. Called also, in England, {sauce-alone}. --Eng. Cyc. {Jack-in-a-box}. (a) (Bot.) A tropical tree ({Hernandia sonora}), which bears a drupe that rattles when dry in the inflated calyx. (b) A child's toy, consisting of a box, out of which, when the lid is raised, a figure springs. (c) (Mech.) An epicyclic train of bevel gears for transmitting rotary motion to two parts in such a manner that their relative rotation may be variable; applied to driving the wheels of tricycles, road locomotives, and to cotton machinery, etc.; an equation box; a jack frame; -- called also {compensating gearing}. (d) A large wooden screw turning in a nut attached to the crosspiece of a rude press. {Jack-in-office}, an insolent fellow in authority. --Wolcott. {Jack-in-the-bush} (Bot.), a tropical shrub with red fruit ({Cordia Cylindrostachya}). {Jack-in-the-green}, a chimney sweep inclosed in a framework of boughs, carried in Mayday processions. {Jack-in-the-pulpit} (Bot.), the American plant {Aris[91]ma triphyllum}, or Indian turnip, in which the upright spadix is inclosed. {Jack-of-the-buttery} (Bot.), the stonecrop ({Sedum acre}). {Jack-of-the-clock}, a figure, usually of a man, on old clocks, which struck the time on the bell. {Jack-on-both-sides}, one who is or tries to be neutral. {Jack-out-of-office}, one who has been in office and is turned out. --Shak. {Jack the Giant Killer}, the hero of a well-known nursery story. {Jack-with-a-lantern}, {Jack-o'-lantern}. (a) An ignis fatuus; a will-o'-the-wisp. [bd][Newspaper speculations] supplying so many more jack-o'-lanterns to the future historian.[b8] --Lowell. (b) A lantern made of a pumpkin so prepared as to show in illumination the features of a human face, etc. {Yellow Jack} (Naut.), the yellow fever; also, the quarantine flag. See {Yellow flag}, under {Flag}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
{Jack rabbit} (Zo[94]l.), any one of several species of large American hares, having very large ears and long legs. The California species ({Lepus Californicus}), and that of Texas and New Mexico ({L. callotis}), have the tail black above, and the ears black at the tip. They do not become white in winter. The more northern prairie hare ({L. campestris}) has the upper side of the tail white, and in winter its fur becomes nearly white. {Jack rafter} (Arch.), in England, one of the shorter rafters used in constructing a hip or valley roof; in the United States, any secondary roof timber, as the common rafters resting on purlins in a trussed roof; also, one of the pieces simulating extended rafters, used under the eaves in some styles of building. {Jack salmon} (Zo[94]l.), the wall-eyed pike, or glasseye. {Jack sauce}, an impudent fellow. [Colloq. & Obs.] {Jack shaft} (Mach.), the first intermediate shaft, in a factory or mill, which receives power, through belts or gearing, from a prime mover, and transmits it, by the same means, to other intermediate shafts or to a line shaft. {Jack sinker} (Knitting Mach.), a thin iron plate operated by the jack to depress the loop of thread between two needles. {Jack snipe}. (Zo[94]l.) See in the Vocabulary. {Jack staff} (Naut.), a staff fixed on the bowsprit cap, upon which the jack is hoisted. {Jack timber} (Arch.), any timber, as a rafter, rib, or studding, which, being intercepted, is shorter than the others. {Jack towel}, a towel hung on a roller for common use. {Jack truss} (Arch.), in a hip roof, a minor truss used where the roof has not its full section. {Jack tree}. (Bot.) See 1st {Jack}, n. {Jack yard} (Naut.), a short spar to extend a topsail beyond the gaff. {Blue jack}, blue vitriol; sulphate of copper. {Hydraulic jack}, a jack used for lifting, pulling, or forcing, consisting of a compact portable hydrostatic press, with its pump and a reservoir containing a supply of liquid, as oil. {Jack-at-a-pinch}. (a) One called upon to take the place of another in an emergency. (b) An itinerant parson who conducts an occasional service for a fee. {Jack-at-all-trades}, one who can turn his hand to any kind of work. {Jack-by-the-hedge} (Bot.), a plant of the genus {Erysimum} ({E. alliaria}, or {Alliaria officinalis}), which grows under hedges. It bears a white flower and has a taste not unlike garlic. Called also, in England, {sauce-alone}. --Eng. Cyc. {Jack-in-a-box}. (a) (Bot.) A tropical tree ({Hernandia sonora}), which bears a drupe that rattles when dry in the inflated calyx. (b) A child's toy, consisting of a box, out of which, when the lid is raised, a figure springs. (c) (Mech.) An epicyclic train of bevel gears for transmitting rotary motion to two parts in such a manner that their relative rotation may be variable; applied to driving the wheels of tricycles, road locomotives, and to cotton machinery, etc.; an equation box; a jack frame; -- called also {compensating gearing}. (d) A large wooden screw turning in a nut attached to the crosspiece of a rude press. {Jack-in-office}, an insolent fellow in authority. --Wolcott. {Jack-in-the-bush} (Bot.), a tropical shrub with red fruit ({Cordia Cylindrostachya}). {Jack-in-the-green}, a chimney sweep inclosed in a framework of boughs, carried in Mayday processions. {Jack-in-the-pulpit} (Bot.), the American plant {Aris[91]ma triphyllum}, or Indian turnip, in which the upright spadix is inclosed. {Jack-of-the-buttery} (Bot.), the stonecrop ({Sedum acre}). {Jack-of-the-clock}, a figure, usually of a man, on old clocks, which struck the time on the bell. {Jack-on-both-sides}, one who is or tries to be neutral. {Jack-out-of-office}, one who has been in office and is turned out. --Shak. {Jack the Giant Killer}, the hero of a well-known nursery story. {Jack-with-a-lantern}, {Jack-o'-lantern}. (a) An ignis fatuus; a will-o'-the-wisp. [bd][Newspaper speculations] supplying so many more jack-o'-lanterns to the future historian.[b8] --Lowell. (b) A lantern made of a pumpkin so prepared as to show in illumination the features of a human face, etc. {Yellow Jack} (Naut.), the yellow fever; also, the quarantine flag. See {Yellow flag}, under {Flag}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Jest \Jest\, n. [OE. jeste, geste, deed, action, story, tale, OF. geste, LL. gesta, orig., exploits, neut. pl. from L. gestus, p. p. of gerere to bear, carry, accomplish, perform; perh. orig., to make to come, bring, and perh. akin to E. come. Cf. {Gest} a deed, {Register}, n.] 1. A deed; an action; a gest. [Obs.] The jests or actions of princes. --Sir T. Elyot. 2. A mask; a pageant; an interlude. [Obs.] --Nares. He promised us, in honor of our guest, To grace our banquet with some pompous jest. --Kyd. 3. Something done or said in order to amuse; a joke; a witticism; a jocose or sportive remark or phrase. See Synonyms under {Jest}, v. i. I must be sad . . . smile at no man's jests. --Shak. The Right Honorable gentleman is indebted to his memory for his jests, and to his imagination for his facts. --Sheridan. 4. The object of laughter or sport; a laughingstock. Then let me be your jest; I deserve it. --Shak. {In jest}, for mere sport or diversion; not in truth and reality; not in earnest. And given in earnest what I begged in jest. --Shak. {Jest book}, a book containing a collection of jests, jokes, and amusing anecdotes; a Joe Miller. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Jestful \Jest"ful\, a. Given to jesting; full of jokes. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Justifiable \Jus"ti*fi`a*ble\, a. [Cf. F. justifiable. See {Justify}.] Capable of being justified, or shown to be just. Just are the ways of God, An justifiable to men. --Milton. Syn: Defensible; vindicable; warrantable; excusable; exculpable; authorizable. -- {Jus"ti*fi`a*ble*ness}, n. -- {Jus"ti*fi`a*bly}, adv. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Justifiable \Jus"ti*fi`a*ble\, a. [Cf. F. justifiable. See {Justify}.] Capable of being justified, or shown to be just. Just are the ways of God, An justifiable to men. --Milton. Syn: Defensible; vindicable; warrantable; excusable; exculpable; authorizable. -- {Jus"ti*fi`a*ble*ness}, n. -- {Jus"ti*fi`a*bly}, adv. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Justifiable \Jus"ti*fi`a*ble\, a. [Cf. F. justifiable. See {Justify}.] Capable of being justified, or shown to be just. Just are the ways of God, An justifiable to men. --Milton. Syn: Defensible; vindicable; warrantable; excusable; exculpable; authorizable. -- {Jus"ti*fi`a*ble*ness}, n. -- {Jus"ti*fi`a*bly}, adv. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Justification \Jus`ti*fi*ca"tion\, n. [L. justificatio: cf. F. justification. See {Justify}.] 1. The act of justifying or the state of being justified; a showing or proving to be just or conformable to law, justice, right, or duty; defense; vindication; support; as, arguments in justification of the prisoner's conduct; his disobedience admits justification. I hope, for my brother's justification, he wrote this but as an essay or taste of my virtue. --Shak. 2. (Law) The showing in court of a sufficient lawful reason why a party charged or accused did that for which he is called to answer. 3. (Theol.) The act of justifying, or the state of being justified, in respect to God's requirements. Who was delivered for our offenses, and was raised again for our justification. --Rom. iv. 25. In such righteousness To them by faith imputed, they may find Justification toward God, and peace Of conscience. --Milton. 4. (Print.) Adjustment of type by spacing it so as to make it exactly fill a line, or of a cut so as to hold it in the right place; also, the leads, quads, etc., used for making such adjustment. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Justificative \Jus*tif"i*ca*tive\ (?; 277), a. [Cf. F. justificatif.] Having power to justify; justificatory. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Justificator \Jus"ti*fi*ca`tor\, n. [LL. justificator: cf. F. justificateur.] One who justifies or vindicates; a justifier. --Johnson. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Justificatory \Jus*tif"i*ca*to*ry\ (?; 277), a. Vindicatory; defensory; justificative. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Justify \Jus"ti*fy\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Justified}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Justifying}.] [F. justifier, L. justificare; justus just + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See {Just}, a., and {-fy}.] 1. To prove or show to be just; to vindicate; to maintain or defend as conformable to law, right, justice, propriety, or duty. That to the height of this great argument I may assert eternal providence, And justify the ways of God to men. --Milton. Unless the oppression is so extreme as to justify revolution, it would not justify the evil of breaking up a government. --E. Everett. 2. To pronounce free from guilt or blame; to declare or prove to have done that which is just, right, proper, etc.; to absolve; to exonerate; to clear. I can not justify whom the law condemns. --Shak. 3. (Theol.) To treat as if righteous and just; to pardon; to exculpate; to absolve. By him all that believe are justified from all things, from which ye could not be justified by the law of Moses. --Acts xiii. 39. 4. To prove; to ratify; to confirm. [Obs.] --Shak. 5. (Print.) To make even or true, as lines of type, by proper spacing; to adjust, as type. See {Justification}, 4. Syn: To defend; maintain; vindicate; excuse; exculpate; absolve; exonerate. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Justifier \Jus"ti*fi`er\, n. One who justifies; one who vindicates, supports, defends, or absolves. Justifiers of themselves and hypocrites. --Strype. That he might be just, and the justifier of him which believeth in Jesus. --Rom. iii. 26. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Justify \Jus"ti*fy\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Justified}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Justifying}.] [F. justifier, L. justificare; justus just + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See {Just}, a., and {-fy}.] 1. To prove or show to be just; to vindicate; to maintain or defend as conformable to law, right, justice, propriety, or duty. That to the height of this great argument I may assert eternal providence, And justify the ways of God to men. --Milton. Unless the oppression is so extreme as to justify revolution, it would not justify the evil of breaking up a government. --E. Everett. 2. To pronounce free from guilt or blame; to declare or prove to have done that which is just, right, proper, etc.; to absolve; to exonerate; to clear. I can not justify whom the law condemns. --Shak. 3. (Theol.) To treat as if righteous and just; to pardon; to exculpate; to absolve. By him all that believe are justified from all things, from which ye could not be justified by the law of Moses. --Acts xiii. 39. 4. To prove; to ratify; to confirm. [Obs.] --Shak. 5. (Print.) To make even or true, as lines of type, by proper spacing; to adjust, as type. See {Justification}, 4. Syn: To defend; maintain; vindicate; excuse; exculpate; absolve; exonerate. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Justify \Jus"ti*fy\, v. i. 1. (Print.) To form an even surface or true line with something else; to fit exactly. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Justify \Jus"ti*fy\, v. t. (Law) (a) To show (a person) to have had a sufficient legal reason for an act that has been made the subject of a change or accusation. (b) To qualify (one's self) as a surely by taking oath to the ownership of sufficient property. The production of bail in court, who there justify themselves against the exception of the plaintiff. --Bouvier's Law Dict. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Justify \Jus"ti*fy\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Justified}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Justifying}.] [F. justifier, L. justificare; justus just + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See {Just}, a., and {-fy}.] 1. To prove or show to be just; to vindicate; to maintain or defend as conformable to law, right, justice, propriety, or duty. That to the height of this great argument I may assert eternal providence, And justify the ways of God to men. --Milton. Unless the oppression is so extreme as to justify revolution, it would not justify the evil of breaking up a government. --E. Everett. 2. To pronounce free from guilt or blame; to declare or prove to have done that which is just, right, proper, etc.; to absolve; to exonerate; to clear. I can not justify whom the law condemns. --Shak. 3. (Theol.) To treat as if righteous and just; to pardon; to exculpate; to absolve. By him all that believe are justified from all things, from which ye could not be justified by the law of Moses. --Acts xiii. 39. 4. To prove; to ratify; to confirm. [Obs.] --Shak. 5. (Print.) To make even or true, as lines of type, by proper spacing; to adjust, as type. See {Justification}, 4. Syn: To defend; maintain; vindicate; excuse; exculpate; absolve; exonerate. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Juxtapose \Jux`ta*pose"\, v. t. [Cf. {Juxtaposit}, {Pose}.] To place in juxtaposition. --Huxley. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Juxtaposit \Jux`ta*pos"it\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Juxtaposited}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Juxtapositing}.] [L. juxta near + positus, p. p. of ponere to put.] To place in close connection or contiguity; to juxtapose. --Derham. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Juxtaposit \Jux`ta*pos"it\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Juxtaposited}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Juxtapositing}.] [L. juxta near + positus, p. p. of ponere to put.] To place in close connection or contiguity; to juxtapose. --Derham. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Juxtaposit \Jux`ta*pos"it\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Juxtaposited}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Juxtapositing}.] [L. juxta near + positus, p. p. of ponere to put.] To place in close connection or contiguity; to juxtapose. --Derham. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Juxtaposition \Jux`ta*po*si"tion\, n. [L. juxta near + positio position: cf. F. juxtaposition. See {Just}, v. i., and {Position}.] A placing or being placed in nearness or contiguity, or side by side; as, a juxtaposition of words. Parts that are united by a a mere juxtaposition. --Glanvill. Juxtaposition is a very unsafe criterion of continuity. --Hare. | |
From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]: | |
Just a Bunch Of Disks storage subsystems using multiple independent {disk drives}, as opposed to one form of {RAID} or another. For example, {Unisys} open storage provides JBOD in both {SCSI} and {fibre channel} interfaces. {Unisys JBOD (http://www.marketplace.unisys.com/storage/jbod.html)}. (1998-12-21) | |
From Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary [easton]: | |
Joshua, The Book of contains a history of the Israelites from the death of Moses to that of Joshua. It consists of three parts: (1.) The history of the conquest of the land (1-12). (2.) The allotment of the land to the different tribes, with the appointment of cities of refuge, the provision for the Levites (13-22), and the dismissal of the eastern tribes to their homes. This section has been compared to the Domesday Book of the Norman conquest. (3.) The farewell addresses of Joshua, with an account of his death (23, 24). This book stands first in the second of the three sections, (1) the Law, (2) the Prophets, (3) the "other writings" = Hagiographa, into which the Jewish Church divided the Old Testament. There is every reason for concluding that the uniform tradition of the Jews is correct when they assign the authorship of the book to Joshua, all except the concluding section; the last verses (24:29-33) were added by some other hand. There are two difficulties connected with this book which have given rise to much discussion, (1.) The miracle of the standing still of the sun and moon on Gibeon. The record of it occurs in Joshua's impassioned prayer of faith, as quoted (Josh. 10:12-15) from the "Book of Jasher" (q.v.). There are many explanations given of these words. They need, however, present no difficulty if we believe in the possibility of God's miraculous interposition in behalf of his people. Whether it was caused by the refraction of the light, or how, we know not. (2.) Another difficulty arises out of the command given by God utterly to exterminate the Canaanites. "Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right?" It is enough that Joshua clearly knew that this was the will of God, who employs his terrible agencies, famine, pestilence, and war, in the righteous government of this world. The Canaanites had sunk into a state of immorality and corruption so foul and degrading that they had to be rooted out of the land with the edge of the sword. "The Israelites' sword, in its bloodiest executions, wrought a work of mercy for all the countries of the earth to the very end of the world." This book resembles the Acts of the Apostles in the number and variety of historical incidents it records, and in its many references to persons and places; and as in the latter case the epistles of Paul (see Paley's Horae Paul.) confirm its historical accuracy by their incidental allusions and "undesigned coincidences," so in the former modern discoveries confirm its historicity. The Amarna tablets (see ADONIZEDEC ¯T0000099) are among the most remarkable discoveries of the age. Dating from about B.C. 1480 down to the time of Joshua, and consisting of official communications from Amorite, Phoenician, and Philistine chiefs to the king of Egypt, they afford a glimpse into the actual condition of Palestine prior to the Hebrew invasion, and illustrate and confirm the history of the conquest. A letter, also still extant, from a military officer, "master of the captains of Egypt," dating from near the end of the reign of Rameses II., gives a curious account of a journey, probably official, which he undertook through Palestine as far north as to Aleppo, and an insight into the social condition of the country at that time. Among the things brought to light by this letter and the Amarna tablets is the state of confusion and decay that had now fallen on Egypt. The Egyptian garrisons that had held possession of Palestine from the time of Thothmes III., some two hundred years before, had now been withdrawn. The way was thus opened for the Hebrews. In the history of the conquest there is no mention of Joshua having encountered any Egyptian force. The tablets contain many appeals to the king of Egypt for help against the inroads of the Hebrews, but no help seems ever to have been sent. Is not this just such a state of things as might have been anticipated as the result of the disaster of the Exodus? In many points, as shown under various articles, the progress of the conquest is remarkably illustrated by the tablets. The value of modern discoveries in their relation to Old Testament history has been thus well described: "The difficulty of establishing the charge of lack of historical credibility, as against the testimony of the Old Testament, has of late years greatly increased. The outcome of recent excavations and explorations is altogether against it. As long as these books contained, in the main, the only known accounts of the events they mention, there was some plausibility in the theory that perhaps these accounts were written rather to teach moral lessons than to preserve an exact knowledge of events. It was easy to say in those times men had not the historic sense. But the recent discoveries touch the events recorded in the Bible at very many different points in many different generations, mentioning the same persons, countries, peoples, events that are mentioned in the Bible, and showing beyond question that these were strictly historic. The point is not that the discoveries confirm the correctness of the Biblical statements, though that is commonly the case, but that the discoveries show that the peoples of those ages had the historic sense, and, specifically, that the Biblical narratives they touch are narratives of actual occurrences." | |
From Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary [easton]: | |
Justification a forensic term, opposed to condemnation. As regards its nature, it is the judicial act of God, by which he pardons all the sins of those who believe in Christ, and accounts, accepts, and treats them as righteous in the eye of the law, i.e., as conformed to all its demands. In addition to the pardon (q.v.) of sin, justification declares that all the claims of the law are satisfied in respect of the justified. It is the act of a judge and not of a sovereign. The law is not relaxed or set aside, but is declared to be fulfilled in the strictest sense; and so the person justified is declared to be entitled to all the advantages and rewards arising from perfect obedience to the law (Rom. 5:1-10). It proceeds on the imputing or crediting to the believer by God himself of the perfect righteousness, active and passive, of his Representative and Surety, Jesus Christ (Rom. 10:3-9). Justification is not the forgiveness of a man without righteousness, but a declaration that he possesses a righteousness which perfectly and for ever satisfies the law, namely, Christ's righteousness (2 Cor. 5:21; Rom. 4:6-8). The sole condition on which this righteousness is imputed or credited to the believer is faith in or on the Lord Jesus Christ. Faith is called a "condition," not because it possesses any merit, but only because it is the instrument, the only instrument by which the soul appropriates or apprehends Christ and his righteousness (Rom. 1:17; 3:25, 26; 4:20, 22; Phil. 3:8-11; Gal. 2:16). The act of faith which thus secures our justification secures also at the same time our sanctification (q.v.); and thus the doctrine of justification by faith does not lead to licentiousness (Rom. 6:2-7). Good works, while not the ground, are the certain consequence of justification (6:14; 7:6). (See GALATIANS, EPISTLE {TO}.) |