English Dictionary: gross(a) | by the DICT Development Group |
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From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Gairish \Gair"ish\, a., Gairishly \Gair"ish*ly\, adv., Gairishness \Gair"ish/ness\, n. Same as {Garish}, {Garishly}, {Garishness}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Garage \Ga`rage"\, n. [F.] 1. A place for housing automobiles. 2. (A[89]ronautics) A shed for housing an airship or flying machine; a hangar. 3. A side way or space in a canal to enable vessels to pass each other; a siding. Note: Garage is recent in English, and has as yet acquired no settled pronunciation. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Garage \Ga`rage"\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Garaged}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Garaging}.] To keep in a garage. [Colloq.] | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Garish \Gar"ish\, a. [Cf. OE. gauren to stare; of uncertain origin. Cf. {gairish}.] 1. Showy; dazzling; ostentatious; attracting or exciting attention. [bd]The garish sun.[b8] [bd]A garish flag.[b8] --Shak. [bd]In . . . garish colors.[b8] --Asham. [bd]The garish day.[b8] --J. H. Newman. Garish like the laughters of drunkenness. --Jer. Taylor. 2. Gay to extravagance; flighty. It makes the mind loose and garish. --South. -- {Gar"ish*ly}, adv. -- {Garish*ness}, n. --Jer. Taylor. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Garous \Ga"rous\, a. [From {Garum}.] Pertaining to, or resembling, garum. --Sir T. Browne. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
George \George\, n. [F. George, or Georges, a proper name, fr. Gr. [?] husbandman, laborer; ge`a, gh^, the earth + [?] to work; akin to E. work. See {Work}.] 1. A figure of St. George (the patron saint of England) on horseback, appended to the collar of the Order of the Garter. See {Garter}. 2. A kind of brown loaf. [Obs.] --Dryden. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
-gerous \-ger*ous\ [L. -ger, fr. gerere to bear, carry. See {Jest}.] A suffix signifying bearing, producing; as, calcigerous; dentigerous. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Garfish \Gar"fish`\, n. [See {Gar}, n.] (Zo[94]l.) (a) A European marine fish ({Belone vulgaris}); -- called also {gar}, {gerrick}, {greenback}, {greenbone}, {gorebill}, {hornfish}, {longnose}, {mackerel guide}, {sea needle}, and {sea pike}. (b) One of several species of similar fishes of the genus {Tylosurus}, of which one species ({T. marinus}) is common on the Atlantic coast. {T. Caribb[91]us}, a very large species, and {T. crassus}, are more southern; -- called also {needlefish}. Many of the common names of the European garfish are also applied to the American species. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Girrock \Gir"rock\, n. [Cf. Prov. F. chicarou.] (Zo[94]l.) A garfish. --Johnson. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Goarish \Goar"ish\, a. Patched; mean. [Obs.] --Beau. & Fl. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Gorce \Gorce\, n. [OF. gort, nom. gorz, gulf, L. gurges whirlpool, gulf, stream. See {Gorge}.] A pool of water to keep fish in; a wear. [Obs.] | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Gorge \Gorge\, n. (Angling) A primitive device used instead of a fishhook, consisting of an object easy to be swallowed but difficult to be ejected or loosened, as a piece of bone or stone pointed at each end and attached in the middle to a line. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Gorge \Gorge\, n. [F. gorge, LL. gorgia, throat, narrow pass, and gorga abyss, whirlpool, prob. fr. L. gurgea whirlpool, gulf, abyss; cf. Skr. gargara whirlpool, g[f0] to devour. Cf. {Gorget}.] 1. The throat; the gullet; the canal by which food passes to the stomach. Wherewith he gripped her gorge with so great pain. --Spenser. Now, how abhorred! . . . my gorge rises at it. --Shak. 2. A narrow passage or entrance; as: (a) A defile between mountains. (b) The entrance into a bastion or other outwork of a fort; -- usually synonymous with rear. See Illust. of {Bastion}. 3. That which is gorged or swallowed, especially by a hawk or other fowl. And all the way, most like a brutish beast, e spewed up his gorge, that all did him detest. --Spenser. 4. A filling or choking of a passage or channel by an obstruction; as, an ice gorge in a river. 5. (Arch.) A concave molding; a cavetto. --Gwilt. 6. (Naut.) The groove of a pulley. {Gorge circle} (Gearing), the outline of the smallest cross section of a hyperboloid of revolution. {Gorge hook}, two fishhooks, separated by a piece of lead. --Knight. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Gorge \Gorge\, v. i. To eat greedily and to satiety. --Milton. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Gorge \Gorge\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Gorged}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Gorging}.] [F. gorger. See {Gorge}, n.] 1. To swallow; especially, to swallow with greediness, or in large mouthfuls or quantities. The fish has gorged the hook. --Johnson. 2. To glut; to fill up to the throat; to satiate. The giant gorged with flesh. --Addison. Gorge with my blood thy barbarous appetite. --Dryden. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Furze \Furze\, n. [OE. firs, As. fyrs.] (Bot.) A thorny evergreen shrub ({Ulex Europ[91]us}), with beautiful yellow flowers, very common upon the plains and hills of Great Britain; -- called also {gorse}, and {whin}. The dwarf furze is {Ulex nanus}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Gorse \Gorse\, n. [OE. & AS. gorst; perh. akin to E. grow, grass.] (Bot.) Furze. See {Furze}. The common, overgrown with fern, and rough With prickly gorse. --Cowper. {Gorse bird} (Zo[94]l.), the European linnet; -- called also {gorse hatcher}. [Prov. Eng.] {Gorse chat} (Zo[94]l.), the winchat. {Gorse duck}, the corncrake; -- called also {grass drake}, {land drake}, and {corn drake}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Furze \Furze\, n. [OE. firs, As. fyrs.] (Bot.) A thorny evergreen shrub ({Ulex Europ[91]us}), with beautiful yellow flowers, very common upon the plains and hills of Great Britain; -- called also {gorse}, and {whin}. The dwarf furze is {Ulex nanus}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Gorse \Gorse\, n. [OE. & AS. gorst; perh. akin to E. grow, grass.] (Bot.) Furze. See {Furze}. The common, overgrown with fern, and rough With prickly gorse. --Cowper. {Gorse bird} (Zo[94]l.), the European linnet; -- called also {gorse hatcher}. [Prov. Eng.] {Gorse chat} (Zo[94]l.), the winchat. {Gorse duck}, the corncrake; -- called also {grass drake}, {land drake}, and {corn drake}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Grace \Grace\, n. [F. gr[83]ce, L. gratia, from gratus beloved, dear, agreeable; perh. akin to Gr. [?] to rejoice, [?] favor, grace, Skr. hary to desire, and E. yearn. Cf. {Grateful}, {Gratis}.] 1. The exercise of love, kindness, mercy, favor; disposition to benefit or serve another; favor bestowed or privilege conferred. To bow and sue for grace With suppliant knee. --Milton. 2. (Theol.) The divine favor toward man; the mercy of God, as distinguished from His justice; also, any benefits His mercy imparts; divine love or pardon; a state of acceptance with God; enjoyment of the divine favor. And if by grace, then is it no more of works. --Rom. xi. 6. My grace is sufficicnt for thee. --2 Cor. xii. 9. Where sin abounded, grace did much more abound. --Rom. v. 20. By whom also we have access by faith into this grace wherein we stand. --Rom. v.2 3. (Law) (a) The prerogative of mercy execised by the executive, as pardon. (b) The same prerogative when exercised in the form of equitable relief through chancery. 4. Fortune; luck; -- used commonly with hard or sorry when it means misfortune. [Obs.] --Chaucer. 5. Inherent excellence; any endowment or characteristic fitted to win favor or confer pleasure or benefit. He is complete in feature and in mind. With all good grace to grace a gentleman. --Shak. I have formerly given the general character of Mr. Addison's style and manner as natural and unaffected, easy and polite, and full of those graces which a flowery imagination diffuses over writing. --Blair. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Grace \Grace\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Graced}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Gracing}.] 1. To adorn; to decorate; to embellish and dignify. Great Jove and Phoebus graced his noble line. --Pope. We are graced with wreaths of victory. --Shak. 2. To dignify or raise by an act of favor; to honor. He might, at his pleasure, grace or disgrace whom he would in court. --Knolles. 3. To supply with heavenly grace. --Bp. Hall. 4. (Mus.) To add grace notes, cadenzas, etc., to. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Ray grass \Ray" grass`\, [Etymol. of ray is uncertain.] (Bot.) A perennial European grass ({Lolium perenne}); -- called also {rye grass}, and {red darnel}. See {Darnel}, and {Grass}. {Italian} {ray, [or] rye}, {grass}. See {Darnel}, and {Grass}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Grass \Grass\, n. [OE. gras, gres, gers, AS, gr[91]s, g[91]rs; akin to OFries. gres, gers, OS., D., G., Icel., & Goth. gras, Dan. gr[91]s, Sw. gr[aum]s, and prob. to E. green, grow. Cf. {Graze}.] 1. Popularly: Herbage; the plants which constitute the food of cattle and other beasts; pasture. 2. (Bot.) An endogenous plant having simple leaves, a stem generally jointed and tubular, the husks or glumes in pairs, and the seed single. Note: This definition includes wheat, rye, oats, barley, etc., and excludes clover and some other plants which are commonly called by the name of grass. The grasses form a numerous family of plants. 3. The season of fresh grass; spring. [Colloq.] Two years old next grass. --Latham. 4. Metaphorically used for what is transitory. Surely the people is grass. --Is. xl. 7. Note: The following list includes most of the grasses of the United States of special interest, except cereals. Many of these terms will be found with definitions in the Vocabulary. See Illustrations in Appendix. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Grass \Grass\, v. i. To produce grass. [R.] --Tusser. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Grass \Grass\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Grassed}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Grassing}.] 1. To cover with grass or with turf. 2. To expose, as flax, on the grass for bleaching, etc. 3. To bring to the grass or ground; to land; as, to grass a fish. [Colloq.] | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Ray grass \Ray" grass`\, [Etymol. of ray is uncertain.] (Bot.) A perennial European grass ({Lolium perenne}); -- called also {rye grass}, and {red darnel}. See {Darnel}, and {Grass}. {Italian} {ray, [or] rye}, {grass}. See {Darnel}, and {Grass}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Grass \Grass\, n. [OE. gras, gres, gers, AS, gr[91]s, g[91]rs; akin to OFries. gres, gers, OS., D., G., Icel., & Goth. gras, Dan. gr[91]s, Sw. gr[aum]s, and prob. to E. green, grow. Cf. {Graze}.] 1. Popularly: Herbage; the plants which constitute the food of cattle and other beasts; pasture. 2. (Bot.) An endogenous plant having simple leaves, a stem generally jointed and tubular, the husks or glumes in pairs, and the seed single. Note: This definition includes wheat, rye, oats, barley, etc., and excludes clover and some other plants which are commonly called by the name of grass. The grasses form a numerous family of plants. 3. The season of fresh grass; spring. [Colloq.] Two years old next grass. --Latham. 4. Metaphorically used for what is transitory. Surely the people is grass. --Is. xl. 7. Note: The following list includes most of the grasses of the United States of special interest, except cereals. Many of these terms will be found with definitions in the Vocabulary. See Illustrations in Appendix. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Grass \Grass\, v. i. To produce grass. [R.] --Tusser. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Grass \Grass\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Grassed}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Grassing}.] 1. To cover with grass or with turf. 2. To expose, as flax, on the grass for bleaching, etc. 3. To bring to the grass or ground; to land; as, to grass a fish. [Colloq.] | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Grassy \Grass"y\a. 1. Covered with grass; abounding with grass; as, a grassy lawn. --Spenser. 2. Resembling grass; green. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Grayish \Gray"ish\, a. Somewhat gray. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Graywacke \Gray"wacke`\, n. [G. grauwacke; grau gray + wacke wacke. See {Gray}, and {Wacke}, and cf. {Grauwacke}.] (Geol.) A conglomerate or grit rock, consisting of rounded pebbles sand firmly united together. Note: This term, derived from the grauwacke of German miners, was formerly applied in geology to different grits and slates of the Silurian series; but it is now seldom used. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Graze \Graze\ (gr[amac]z), v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Grazed} (gr[amac]zd); p. pr. & vb. n. {Grazing}.] [OE. grasen, AS. grasian, fr. gr[91]s grass. See {Grass}.] 1. To feed or supply (cattle, sheep, etc.) with grass; to furnish pasture for. A field or two to graze his cows. --Swift. 2. To feed on; to eat (growing herbage); to eat grass from (a pasture); to browse. The lambs with wolves shall graze the verdant mead. --Pope. 3. To tend (cattle, etc.) while grazing. When Jacob grazed his uncle Laban's sheep. --Shak. 4. To rub or touch lightly the surface of (a thing) in passing; as, the bullet grazed the wall. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Graze \Graze\, v. i. 1. To eat grass; to feed on growing herbage; as, cattle graze on the meadows. 2. To yield grass for grazing. The ground continueth the wet, whereby it will never graze to purpose. --Bacon. 3. To touch something lightly in passing. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Graze \Graze\, n. 1. The act of grazing; the cropping of grass. [Colloq.] Turning him out for a graze on the common. --T. Hughes. 2. A light touch; a slight scratch. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Grease \Grease\ (gr[emac]z or gr[emac]s; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Greased} (gr[emac]zd or gr[emac]sd); p. pr. & vb. n. {Greasing}.] 1. To smear, anoint, or daub, with grease or fat; to lubricate; as, to grease the wheels of a wagon. 2. To bribe; to corrupt with presents. The greased advocate that grinds the poor. --Dryden. 3. To cheat or cozen; to overreach. [Obs.] --Beau. & Fl. 4. (Far.) To affect (a horse) with grease, the disease. {To grease in the hand}, to corrupt by bribes. --Usher. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Grease \Grease\ (gr[emac]s), n. [OE. grese, grece, F. graisse; akin to gras fat, greasy, fr. LL. grassus thick, fat, gross, L. crassus. Cf. {Crass}.] 1. Animal fat, as tallow or lard, especially when in a soft state; oily or unctuous matter of any kind. 2. (Far.) An inflammation of a horse's heels, suspending the ordinary greasy secretion of the part, and producing dryness and scurfiness, followed by cracks, ulceration, and fungous excrescences. {Grease bush}. (Bot.) Same as {Grease wood} (below). {Grease moth} (Zo[94]l.), a pyralid moth ({Aglossa pinguinalis}) whose larva eats greasy cloth, etc. {Grease wood} (Bot.), a scraggy, stunted, and somewhat prickly shrub ({Sarcobatus vermiculatus}) of the Spinach family, very abundant in alkaline valleys from the upper Missouri to California. The name is also applied to other plants of the same family, as several species of {Atriplex} and {Obione}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Greasy \Greas"y\, a. [Compar. {Greasier}; superl. {Greasiest}.] 1. Composed of, or characterized by, grease; oily; unctuous; as, a greasy dish. 2. Smeared or defiled with grease. With greasy aprons, rules, and hammers. --Shak. 3. Like grease or oil; smooth; seemingly unctuous to the touch, as is mineral soapstone. 4. Fat of body; bulky. [R.] --Shak. 5. Gross; indelicate; indecent. [Obs.] --Marston. 6. (Far.) Affected with the disease called {grease}; as, the heels of a horse. See {Grease}, n., 2. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Gree \Gree\, n.; pl. {Grees} (gr[emac]z); obs. plurals {Greece} (gr[emac]s) {Grice} (gr[imac]s or gr[emac]s), {Grise}, {Grize} (gr[imac]z or gr[emac]z), etc. [OF. gr[82], F. grade. See {Grade.}] A step. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Greece \Greece\, n. pl. See {Gree} a step. [Obs.] | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Greek \Greek\, a. [AS. grec, L. Graecus, Gr. ?: cf. F. grec. Cf. {Grecian}.] Of or pertaining to Greece or the Greeks; Grecian. {Greek calends}. See under Calends. {Greek Church} (Eccl. Hist.), the Eastern Church; that part of Christendom which separated from the Roman or Western Church in the ninth century. It comprises the great bulk of the Christian population of Russia (of which this is the established church), Greece, Moldavia, and Wallachia. The Greek Church is governed by patriarchs and is called also the {Byzantine Church}. {Greek cross}. See Illust. (10) Of {Cross}. {Greek Empire}. See {Byzantine Empire}. {Greek fire}, a combustible composition which burns under water, the constituents of which are supposed to be asphalt, with niter and sulphur. --Ure. {Greek rose}, the flower campion. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Greek \Greek\, n. 1. A native, or one of the people, of Greece; a Grecian; also, the language of Greece. 2. A swindler; a knave; a cheat. [Slang] Without a confederate the . . . game of baccarat does not . . . offer many chances for the Greek. --Sat. Rev. 3. Something unintelligible; as, it was all Greek to me. [Colloq.] | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Gree \Gree\, n.; pl. {Grees} (gr[emac]z); obs. plurals {Greece} (gr[emac]s) {Grice} (gr[imac]s or gr[emac]s), {Grise}, {Grize} (gr[imac]z or gr[emac]z), etc. [OF. gr[82], F. grade. See {Grade.}] A step. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Greeze \Greeze\, n. A step. See {Gree}, a step. [Obs.] The top of the ladder, or first greeze, is this. --Latimer. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Grege \Grege\, Gregge \Greg"ge\, v. t. [OE. gregier to burden.] To make heavy; to increase. [Obs.] --Wyclif. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Grege \Grege\, Gregge \Greg"ge\, v. t. [OE. gregier to burden.] To make heavy; to increase. [Obs.] --Wyclif. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Greggoe \Greg"goe\, Grego \Gre"go\, n. [Prob. fr, It. Greco Greek, or Sp. Griego, or Pg. Grego.] A short jacket or cloak, made of very thick, coarse cloth, with a hood attached, worn by the Greeks and others in the Levant. [Written also {griego}.] | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Greggoe \Greg"goe\, Grego \Gre"go\, n. [Prob. fr, It. Greco Greek, or Sp. Griego, or Pg. Grego.] A short jacket or cloak, made of very thick, coarse cloth, with a hood attached, worn by the Greeks and others in the Levant. [Written also {griego}.] | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Gres \Gres\, n. Grass. [Obs.] --Chaucer. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Gree \Gree\, n.; pl. {Grees} (gr[emac]z); obs. plurals {Greece} (gr[emac]s) {Grice} (gr[imac]s or gr[emac]s), {Grise}, {Grize} (gr[imac]z or gr[emac]z), etc. [OF. gr[82], F. grade. See {Grade.}] A step. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Grice \Grice\, n. [OE. gris, grise; of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. gr?ss, Sw. gris, Dan. grus, also Gr. [?], Skr. ghrshvi, boar. Cf. {Grise}, {Griskin}.] A little pig. [Written also {grise}.] [Scot.] | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Grice \Grice\, n. See {Gree}, a step. [Obs.] --B. Jonson. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Greggoe \Greg"goe\, Grego \Gre"go\, n. [Prob. fr, It. Greco Greek, or Sp. Griego, or Pg. Grego.] A short jacket or cloak, made of very thick, coarse cloth, with a hood attached, worn by the Greeks and others in the Levant. [Written also {griego}.] | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Griego \Grie"go\, n. See {Greggoe}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Greggoe \Greg"goe\, Grego \Gre"go\, n. [Prob. fr, It. Greco Greek, or Sp. Griego, or Pg. Grego.] A short jacket or cloak, made of very thick, coarse cloth, with a hood attached, worn by the Greeks and others in the Levant. [Written also {griego}.] | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Griego \Grie"go\, n. See {Greggoe}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Grig \Grig\ (gr[icr]g), n. [Cf. Sw. kr[84]k little creature, reptile; or D. kriek cricket, E. cricket.] 1. (Zo[94]l.) (a) A cricket or grasshopper. [Prov. Eng.] (b) Any small eel. (c) The broad-nosed eel. See {Glut}. [Prov. Eng.] 2. Heath. [Prov. Eng.] --Audrey. {As merry as a grig} [etymology uncertain], a saying supposed by some to be a corruption of [bd]As merry as a Greek; [b8] by others, to be an allusion to the cricket. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Gris \Gris\, n. [OF., fr. gris gray. Cf. G. grauwerk (lit. gray work) the gray skin of the Siberian squirrel. See {Gris}, a.] A costly kind of fur. [Obs.] --Chaucer. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Gris \Gris\ (gr[icr]s), n. sing. & pl. [See {Grice} a pig.] A little pig. [Obs.] --Piers Plowman. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Grise \Grise\ (gr[imac]s), n. See {Grice}, a pig. [Prov. Eng.] | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Grise \Grise\ (gr[imac]s [or] gr[emac]s), n. [Prop. pl. of gree a step.] A step (in a flight of stairs); a degree. [Obs.] Every grise of fortune Is smoothed by that below. --Shak. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Gree \Gree\, n.; pl. {Grees} (gr[emac]z); obs. plurals {Greece} (gr[emac]s) {Grice} (gr[imac]s or gr[emac]s), {Grise}, {Grize} (gr[imac]z or gr[emac]z), etc. [OF. gr[82], F. grade. See {Grade.}] A step. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Grice \Grice\, n. [OE. gris, grise; of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. gr?ss, Sw. gris, Dan. grus, also Gr. [?], Skr. ghrshvi, boar. Cf. {Grise}, {Griskin}.] A little pig. [Written also {grise}.] [Scot.] | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Grise \Grise\ (gr[imac]s), n. See {Grice}, a pig. [Prov. Eng.] | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Grise \Grise\ (gr[imac]s [or] gr[emac]s), n. [Prop. pl. of gree a step.] A step (in a flight of stairs); a degree. [Obs.] Every grise of fortune Is smoothed by that below. --Shak. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Gree \Gree\, n.; pl. {Grees} (gr[emac]z); obs. plurals {Greece} (gr[emac]s) {Grice} (gr[imac]s or gr[emac]s), {Grise}, {Grize} (gr[imac]z or gr[emac]z), etc. [OF. gr[82], F. grade. See {Grade.}] A step. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Grice \Grice\, n. [OE. gris, grise; of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. gr?ss, Sw. gris, Dan. grus, also Gr. [?], Skr. ghrshvi, boar. Cf. {Grise}, {Griskin}.] A little pig. [Written also {grise}.] [Scot.] | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Grize \Grize\ (gr[imac]z or gr[emac]z), n. Same as {2d Grise}. [Obs.] | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Gree \Gree\, n.; pl. {Grees} (gr[emac]z); obs. plurals {Greece} (gr[emac]s) {Grice} (gr[imac]s or gr[emac]s), {Grise}, {Grize} (gr[imac]z or gr[emac]z), etc. [OF. gr[82], F. grade. See {Grade.}] A step. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Grog \Grog\, n. [So named from [bd]Old Grog[b8] a nickname given to Admiral Vernon, in allusion to his wearing a grogram cloak in foul weather. He is said to have been the first to dilute the rum of the sailors (about 1745).] A mixture of spirit and water not sweetened; hence, any intoxicating liquor. {Grog blossom}, a redness on the nose or face of persons who drink ardent spirits to excess. [Collog.] | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Groggy \Grog"gy\, a. 1. Overcome with grog; tipsy; unsteady on the legs. [Colloq.] 2. Weakened in a fight so as to stagger; -- said of pugilists. [Cant or Slang] 3. (Man.) Moving in a hobbling manner, owing to ten der feet; -- said of a horse. --Youatt. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Gross \Gross\, a. [Compar. {Grosser}; superl. {Grossest}.] [F. gros, L. grossus, perh. fr. L. crassus thick, dense, fat, E. crass, cf. Skr. grathita tied together, wound up, hardened. Cf. {Engross}, {Grocer}, {Grogram}.] 1. Great; large; bulky; fat; of huge size; excessively large. [bd]A gross fat man.[b8] --Shak. A gross body of horse under the Duke. --Milton. 2. Coarse; rough; not fine or delicate. 3. Not easily aroused or excited; not sensitive in perception or feeling; dull; witless. Tell her of things that no gross ear can hear. --Milton. 4. Expressing, Or originating in, animal or sensual appetites; hence, coarse, vulgar, low, obscene, or impure. The terms which are delicate in one age become gross in the next. --Macaulay. 5. Thick; dense; not attenuated; as, a gross medium. 6. Great; palpable; serious; vagrant; shameful; as, a gross mistake; gross injustice; gross negligence. 7. Whole; entire; total; without deduction; as, the gross sum, or gross amount, the gross weight; -- opposed to {net.} {Gross adventure} (Law) the loan of money upon bottomry, i. e., on a mortgage of a ship. {Gross average} (Law), that kind of average which falls upon the gross or entire amount of ship, cargo, and freight; -- commonly called {general average}. --Bouvier. --Burrill. {Gross receipts}, the total of the receipts, before they are diminished by any deduction, as for expenses; -- distinguished from net profits. --Abbott. {Gross weight} the total weight of merchandise or goods, without deduction for tare, tret, or waste; -- distinguished from {neat, [or] net, weight}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Gross \Gross\, n. [F. gros (in sense 1), grosse (in sense 2). See {Gross}, a.] 1. The main body; the chief part, bulk, or mass. [bd]The gross of the enemy.[b8] --Addison. For the gross of the people, they are considered as a mere herd of cattle. --Burke. 2. sing. & pl. The number of twelve dozen; twelve times twelve; as, a gross of bottles; ten gross of pens. {Advowson in gross} (Law), an advowson belonging to a person, and not to a manor. {A great gross}, twelve gross; one hundred and forty-four dozen. {By the gross}, by the quantity; at wholesale. {Common in gross}. (Law) See under {Common}, n. {In the gross}, {In gross}, in the bulk, or the undivided whole; all parts taken together. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Grouse \Grouse\, v. i. To seek or shoot grouse. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Grouse \Grouse\, n. sing. & pl. [Prob. after the analogy of mouse, mice, fr. the earlier grice, OF. griesche meor hen: cf. F. piegri[8a]che shrike.] (Zo[94]l.) Any of the numerous species of gallinaceous birds of the family {Tetraonid[91]}, and subfamily {Tetraonin[91]}, inhabiting Europe, Asia, and North America. They have plump bodies, strong, well-feathered legs, and usually mottled plumage. The group includes the ptarmigans ({Lagopus}), having feathered feet. Note: Among the European species are the red grouse ({Lagopus Scoticus}) and the hazel grouse ({Bonasa betulina}). See {Capercaidzie}, {Ptarmigan}, and {Heath grouse}. Among the most important American species are the ruffed grouse, or New England partridge ({Bonasa umbellus}); the sharp-tailed grouse ({Pedioc[91]tes phasianellus}) of the West; the dusky blue, or pine grouse ({Dendragapus obscurus}) of the Rocky Mountains; the Canada grouse, or spruce partridge ({D. Canadensis}). See also {Prairie hen}, and {Sage cock}. The Old World sand grouse ({Pterocles}, etc.) belong to a very different family. See {Pterocletes}, and {Sand grouse}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Growse \Growse\, v. i. [Cf. gruesome, grcwsome, and G. grausen to make shudder, shiver.] To shiver; to have chills. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] --Ray. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Grucche \Grucche\, v. i. [See {Grudge}.] To murmur; to grumble. [Obs.] What aileth you, thus for grucche and groan. --Chaucer. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Guarish \Guar"ish\, v. t. [OF. guarir, garir, F. gu[82]rir.] To heal. [Obs.] --Spenser. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Guereza \Gue*re"za\, n. (Zo[94]l.) A beautiful Abyssinian monkey ({Colobus guereza}), having the body black, with a fringe of long, silky, white hair along the sides, and a tuft of the same at the end of the tail. The frontal band, cheeks, and chin are white. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Gurge \Gurge\, n. [L. gurges.] A whirlpool. [Obs.] The plain, wherein a black bituminous gurge Boils out from under ground. --Milton. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Gurge \Gurge\, v. t. [See Gorge.] To swallow up. [Obs.] | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Gy-rose \Gy-rose"\, a. [See {Gyre}.] (Bot.) Turned round like a crook, or bent to and fro. --Loudon. | |
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]: | |
George, IA (city, FIPS 30225) Location: 43.34169 N, 96.00270 W Population (1990): 1066 (512 housing units) Area: 6.2 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water) Zip code(s): 51237 George, NC Zip code(s): 27897 George, WA (town, FIPS 26455) Location: 47.07859 N, 119.85597 W Population (1990): 253 (101 housing units) Area: 1.4 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water) | |
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]: | |
Grace, ID (city, FIPS 32500) Location: 42.57634 N, 111.73003 W Population (1990): 973 (379 housing units) Area: 2.5 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water) Zip code(s): 83241 | |
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]: | |
Gracey, KY Zip code(s): 42232 | |
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]: | |
Grassy, MO Zip code(s): 63753 | |
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]: | |
Greece, NY (CDP, FIPS 30279) Location: 43.21194 N, 77.70234 W Population (1990): 15632 (6116 housing units) Area: 11.3 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water) Zip code(s): 14616 | |
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]: | |
Greig, NY Zip code(s): 13345 | |
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]: | |
Gross, NE (village, FIPS 20295) Location: 42.94676 N, 98.56887 W Population (1990): 7 (2 housing units) Area: 0.3 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water) | |
From Jargon File (4.2.0, 31 JAN 2000) [jargon]: | |
gray goo n. A hypothetical substance composed of {sagan}s of sub-micron-sized self-replicating robots programmed to make copies of themselves out of whatever is available. The image that goes with the term is one of the entire biosphere of Earth being eventually converted to robot goo. This is the simplest of the {{nanotechnology}} disaster scenarios, easily refuted by arguments from energy requirements and elemental abundances. Compare {blue goo}. | |
From Jargon File (4.2.0, 31 JAN 2000) [jargon]: | |
grok /grok/, var. /grohk/ vt. [from the novel "Stranger in a Strange Land", by Robert A. Heinlein, where it is a Martian word meaning literally `to drink' and metaphorically `to be one with'] The emphatic form is `grok in fullness'. 1. To understand, usually in a global sense. Connotes intimate and exhaustive knowledge. Contrast {zen}, which is similar supernal understanding experienced as a single brief flash. See also {glark}. 2. Used of programs, may connote merely sufficient understanding. "Almost all C compilers grok the `void' type these days." | |
From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]: | |
GEORGE Charles Hamblin, 1957. One of the earliest programming languages, stack-oriented, used reverse Polish notation. Implemented on the English Electric DEUCE. "GEORGE: A Semi-Translation Programming Scheme for the DEUCE, Programming and Operations Manual", C. L. Hamblin, U New S Wales (1958). "Computer Languages", C.L. Hamblin, Aust J Sci 20(5):135-139 (Dec 1957) and Aust Comp J 17(4):195-198 (Nov 1985). | |
From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]: | |
GEORGE 3 {mainframe}. Lots of two-letter commands. (2003-09-20) | |
From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]: | |
GRAS A {public domain} {graph-oriented database} system for {software engineering} applications from {RWTH Aachen}. | |
From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]: | |
greek 1. in order to give a preview of layout without actually being legible. This is faster than drawing the characters correctly which may require scaling or other transformations. Greeking is particularly useful when displaying a reduced image of a document where the text would be too small to be legible on the display anyway. 2. {lorem ipsum}. (1999-06-27) | |
From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]: | |
GRG A computer algebra system for differential geometry, gravitation and field theory. Version 3.1 works with PSL-based REDUCE 3.3 or 3.4. E-mail: V.V. Zhytnikov (1994-12-16) | |
From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]: | |
grick /grik/ ({WPI}, first used by Tim Haven to describe "grick trigonometry", a shortcut method of determing attack angles in grid-based games like Star Trek) Any integral increment of measurement. E.g. "Please turn the stereo up a few gricks". (1995-01-31) | |
From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]: | |
grix /griks/ ({WPI}) A meta-number, said to be an integer between 6 and 7. Used either alone or with {flib} or suffixes such as -ty, -teen, etc. to denote an arbitrary integer (see {N}). "This system will {bomb} if there are grixty-flib users on it." (1995-01-31) | |
From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]: | |
grok /grok/, /grohk/ (From the novel "Stranger in a Strange Land", by Robert A. Heinlein, where it is a Martian word meaning literally "to drink" and metaphorically "to be one with") 1. To understand, usually in a global sense. Connotes intimate and exhaustive knowledge. Contrast {zen}, which is similar supernal understanding experienced as a single brief flash. See also {glark}. 2. Used of programs, may connote merely sufficient understanding. "Almost all C compilers grok the "void" type these days." [{Jargon File}] (1995-01-31) | |
From Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary [easton]: | |
Grace (1.) Of form or person (Prov. 1:9; 3:22; Ps. 45:2). (2.) Favour, kindness, friendship (Gen. 6:8; 18:3; 19:19; 2 Tim. 1:9). (3.) God's forgiving mercy (Rom. 11:6; Eph. 2:5). (4.) The gospel as distinguished from the law (John 1:17; Rom. 6:14; 1 Pet. 5:12). (5.) Gifts freely bestowed by God; as miracles, prophecy, tongues (Rom. 15:15; 1 Cor. 15:10; Eph. 3:8). (6.) Christian virtues (2 Cor. 8:7; 2 Pet. 3:18). (7.) The glory hereafter to be revealed (1 Pet. 1:13). | |
From Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary [easton]: | |
Grass (1.) Heb. hatsir, ripe grass fit for mowing (1 Kings 18:5; Job 40:15; Ps. 104:14). As the herbage rapidly fades under the scorching sun, it is used as an image of the brevity of human life (Isa. 40:6, 7; Ps. 90:5). In Num. 11:5 this word is rendered "leeks." (2.) Heb. deshe', green grass (Gen. 1:11, 12; Isa. 66:14; Deut. 32:2). "The sickly and forced blades of grass which spring up on the flat plastered roofs of houses in the East are used as an emblem of speedy destruction, because they are small and weak, and because, under the scorching rays of the sun, they soon wither away" (2 Kings 19:26; Ps. 129:6; Isa. 37:27). The dry stalks of grass were often used as fuel for the oven (Matt. 6:30; 13:30; Luke 12:28). | |
From Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary [easton]: | |
Greece orginally consisted of the four provinces of Macedonia, Epirus, Achaia, and Peleponnesus. In Acts 20:2 it designates only the Roman province of Macedonia. Greece was conquered by the Romans B.C. 146. After passing through various changes it was erected into an independent monarchy in 1831. Moses makes mention of Greece under the name of Javan (Gen. 10:2-5); and this name does not again occur in the Old Testament till the time of Joel (3:6). Then the Greeks and Hebrews first came into contact in the Tyrian slave-market. Prophetic notice is taken of Greece in Dan. 8:21. The cities of Greece were the special scenes of the labours of the apostle Paul. | |
From Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary [easton]: | |
Greek Found only in the New Testament, where a distinction is observed between "Greek" and "Grecian" (q.v.). The former is (1) a Greek by race (Acts 16:1-3; 18:17; Rom. 1:14), or (2) a Gentile as opposed to a Jew (Rom. 2:9, 10). The latter, meaning properly "one who speaks Greek," is a foreign Jew opposed to a home Jew who dwelt in Palestine. The word "Grecians" in Acts 11:20 should be "Greeks," denoting the heathen Greeks of that city, as rendered in the Revised Version according to the reading of the best manuscripts ("Hellenes"). | |
From The CIA World Factbook (1995) [world95]: | |
Georgia Note--Georgia has been beset by ethnic and civil strife since independence. In late 1991, the country's first elected president, Zviad GAMSAKHURDIA was ousted in an armed coup. In October 1993, GAMSAKHURDIA, and his supporters sponsored a failed attempt to retake power from the current government led by former Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard SHEVARDNADZE. The Georgian government has also faced armed separatist conflicts in the Abkhazia and South Ossetia regions. A cease-fire went into effect in South Ossetia in June 1992 and a joint Georgian-Ossetian-Russian peacekeeping force has been in place since that time. Georgian forces were driven out of the Abkhaz region in September 1993 after a yearlong war with Abkhaz separatists. Nearly 200,000 Georgian refugees have since fled Abkhazia, adding substantially to the estimated 100,000 internally displaced persons already in Georgia. Russian peacekeepers are deployed along the border of Abkhazia and the rest of Georgia. Georgia:Geography Location: Southwestern Asia, bordering the Black Sea, between Turkey and Russia Map references: Middle East Area: total area: 69,700 sq km land area: 69,700 sq km comparative area: slightly larger than South Carolina Land boundaries: total 1,461 km, Armenia 164 km, Azerbaijan 322 km, Russia 723 km, Turkey 252 km Coastline: 310 km Maritime claims: NA International disputes: none Climate: warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast Terrain: largely mountainous with Great Caucasus Mountains in the north and Lesser Caucasus Mountains in the south; Kolkhida Lowland opens to the Black Sea in the west; Mtkvari River Basin in the east; good soils in river valley flood plains, foothills of Kolkhida Lowland Natural resources: forest lands, hydropower, manganese deposits, iron ores, copper, minor coal and oil deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important tea and citrus growth Land use: arable land: 11% permanent crops: 4% meadows and pastures: 29% forest and woodland: 38% other: 18% Irrigated land: 4,660 sq km (1990) Environment: current issues: air pollution, particularly in Rust'avi; heavy pollution of Mtkvari River and the Black Sea; inadequate supplies of potable water; soil pollution from toxic chemicals natural hazards: NA international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Ship Pollution; signed, but not ratified - Desertification Georgia:People Population: 5,725,972 (July 1995 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 24% (female 674,331; male 707,355) 15-64 years: 64% (female 1,894,681; male 1,791,847) 65 years and over: 12% (female 410,703; male 247,055) (July 1995 est.) Population growth rate: 0.77% (1995 est.) Birth rate: 15.77 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) Death rate: 8.73 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) Net migration rate: 0.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) Infant mortality rate: 22.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 73.1 years male: 69.43 years female: 76.95 years (1995 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.16 children born/woman (1995 est.) Nationality: noun: Georgian(s) adjective: Georgian Ethnic divisions: Georgian 70.1%, Armenian 8.1%, Russian 6.3%, Azeri 5.7%, Ossetian 3%, Abkhaz 1.8%, other 5% Religions: Georgian Orthodox 65%, Russian Orthodox 10%, Muslim 11%, Armenian Orthodox 8%, unknown 6% Languages: Armenian 7%, Azeri 6%, Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, other 7% Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989) total population: 99% male: 100% female: 98% Labor force: 2.763 million by occupation: industry and construction 31%, agriculture and forestry 25%, other 44% (1990) Georgia:Government Names: conventional long form: Republic of Georgia conventional short form: Georgia local long form: Sak'art'velos Respublika local short form: Sak'art'velo former: Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic Digraph: GG Type: republic Capital: T'bilisi Administrative divisions: 2 autonomous republics (avtomnoy respubliki, singular - avtom respublika); Abkhazia (Sokhumi), Ajaria (Bat'umi) note: the administrative centers of the autonomous republics are included in parentheses; there are no oblasts - the rayons around T'bilisi are under direct republic jurisdiction Independence: 9 April 1991 (from Soviet Union) National holiday: Independence Day, 26 May (1991) Constitution: adopted 21 February 1921; currently amending constitution for Parliamentary and popular review by late 1995 Legal system: based on civil law system Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Executive branch: chief of state: Chairman of Parliament Eduard Amvrosiyevich SHEVARDNADZE (Chairman of the Government Council since 10 March 1992; elected Chairman of Parliament in 11 October 1992; note - the Government Council has since been disbanded); election last held 11 October 1992 (next to be held October 1995); results - Eduard SHEVARDNADZE 95% head of government: Prime Minister Otar PATSATSIA (since September 1993); Deputy Prime Ministers Avtandil MARGIANI, Zurab KERVALISHVILI (since 25 November 1992), Tamaz NADAREISHVILI (since September 1993), Temur BASILIA (since 17 March 1994), Bakur GULA (since NA) cabinet: Council of Ministers Legislative branch: unicameral Georgian Parliament (Supreme Soviet): elections last held 11 October 1992 (next to be held October 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (225 total) number of seats by party NA Judicial branch: Supreme Court Political parties and leaders: Citizens Union (CU), Eduard SHEVARDNADZE, Zurab SHVANIA, general secretary; National Democratic Party (NDP), Georgi (Gia) CHANTURIA, Ivane GIORGADZE; United Republican Party, umbrella organization for parties including the GPF and the Charter 1991 Party, cochairmen Bakhtand DZABIRADZE, Notar NATADZE, and Theodor PAATASHVILI; Georgian Popular Front (GPF), Nodar NATADZE, chairman; Charter 1991 Party, Thedor PAATASHVILI; Georgian Social Democratic Party (GSDP), Guram MUCHAIDZE, secretary general; National Reconstruction and Rebirth of Georgia Union, Valerian ADVADZE; Christian Democratic Union (CDU), Irakli SHENGELAYA; Democratic Georgia Union (DGU), El'dar SHENGELAYA; National Independence Party (NIP), Irakliy TSERETELI, chairman; Georgian Monarchists' Party (GMP), Temur ZHORZHOLIANI; Green Party, Zurab ZHVANIA; Republican Party (RP), Ivliane KHAINDRAVA; Workers' Union of Georgia (WUG), Vakhtang GABUNIA; Agrarian Party of Georgia (APG), Roin LIPARTELIANI; Choice Society (Archevani), Jaba IOSELIANI, chairman; Georgian Workers Communist Party, Panteleimon GIORGADZE, chairman; National Liberation Front, Tengiz SIGULA, chairman Other political or pressure groups: supporters of ousted President Zviad GAMSAKHURDIA (deceased 1 January 1994) boycotted the October elections and remain a source of opposition Member of: BSEC, CCC, CIS, EBRD, ECE, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NACC, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Tedo JAPARIDZE chancery: (temporary) Suite 424, 1511 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20005 telephone: [1] (202) 393-6060, 5959 US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Kent N. BROWN embassy: #25 Antoneli Street, T'bilisi 380026 mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [7] (8832) 98-99-67, 93-38-03 FAX: [7] (8832) 93-37-59 Flag: maroon field with small rectangle in upper hoist side corner; rectangle divided horizontally with black on top, white below Economy Overview: Georgia's economy has traditionally revolved around Black Sea tourism; cultivation of citrus fruits, tea, and grapes; mining of manganese and copper; and a small industrial sector producing wine, metals, machinery, chemicals, and textiles. The country imports the bulk of its energy needs, including natural gas and oil products. Its only sizable domestic energy resource is hydropower. Since 1990, widespread conflicts, e.g., in Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and Mingreliya, have severely aggravated the economic crisis resulting from the disintegration of the Soviet command economy in December 1991. Throughout 1993 and 1994, much of industry was functioning at only 20% of capacity; heavy disruptions in agricultural cultivation were reported; and tourism was shut down. The country is precariously dependent on US and EU humanitarian grain shipments, as most other foods are priced beyond reach of the average citizen. Georgia is also suffering from an acute energy crisis, as it is having problems paying for even minimal imports. Georgia is pinning its hopes for recovery on reestablishing trade ties with Russia and on developing international transportation through the key Black Sea ports of P'ot'i and Bat'umi. The government began a tenuous program in 1994 aiming to stabilize prices and reduce large consumer subsidies. National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $6 billion (1994 estimate as extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1992) National product real growth rate: -30% (1994 est.) National product per capita: $1,060 (1994 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 40.5% per month (2nd half 1993 est.) Unemployment rate: officially less than 5% but real unemployment may be more than 20%, with even larger numbers of underemployed workers Budget: revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA Exports: $NA commodities: citrus fruits, tea, wine, other agricultural products; diverse types of machinery; ferrous and nonferrous metals; textiles; chemicals; fuel re-exports partners: Russia, Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan (1992) Imports: $NA commodities: fuel, grain and other foods, machinery and parts, transport equipment partners: Russia, Azerbaijan, Turkey (1993); note - EU and US sent humanitarian food shipments External debt: NA (T'bilisi owes about $400 million to Turkmenistan for natural gas as of January 1995) Industrial production: growth rate -27% (1993); accounts for 36% of GDP Electricity: capacity: 4,410,000 kW production: 9.1 billion kWh consumption per capita: 1,526 kWh (1993) Industries: heavy industrial products include raw steel, rolled steel, airplanes; machine tools, foundry equipment, electric locomotives, tower cranes, electric welding equipment, machinery for food preparation and meat packing, electric motors, process control equipment, instruments; trucks, tractors, and other farm machinery; light industrial products, including cloth, hosiery, and shoes; chemicals; wood-working industries; the most important food industry is wine Agriculture: accounted for 97% of former USSR citrus fruits and 93% of former USSR tea; important producer of grapes; also cultivates vegetables and potatoes; dependent on imports for grain, dairy products, sugar; small livestock sector Illicit drugs: illicit cultivator of cannabis and opium poppy; mostly for domestic consumption; used as transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe Economic aid: recipient: heavily dependent on US and EU for humanitarian grain shipments; EC granted around $70 million in trade credits in 1992 and another $40 million in 1993; Turkey granted $50 million in 1993; smaller scale credits granted by Russia and China Currency: coupons introduced in April 1993 to be followed by introduction of the lari at undetermined future date; in July 1993 use of the Russian ruble was banned Exchange rates: coupons per $US1 - 1,280,000 (end December 1994) Fiscal year: calendar year Georgia:Transportation Railroads: total: 1,570 km in common carrier service; does not include industrial lines broad gauge: 1,570 km 1.520-m gauge (1990) Highways: total: 33,900 km paved and graveled: 29,500 km unpaved: earth 4,400 km (1990) Pipelines: crude oil 370 km; refined products 300 km; natural gas 440 km (1992) Ports: Bat'umi, P'ot'i, Sokhumi Merchant marine: total: 32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 419,416 GRT/640,897 DWT ships by type: bulk 11, cargo 1, oil tanker 19, short-sea passenger 1 Airports: total: 28 with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 with paved runways under 914 m: 1 with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 1 with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 5 with unpaved runways under 914 m: 6 Note: transportation network is in poor condition and disrupted by ethnic conflict, criminal activities, and fuel shortages; network lacks maintenance and repair Georgia:Communications Telephone system: 672,000 telephones (mid-1993); 117 telephones/1,000 persons; poor telephone service; 339,000 unsatisfied applications for telephones (December 1990) local: NA intercity: NA international: links via landline to CIS members and Turkey; low-capacity satellite link and leased international connections via the Moscow international gateway switch with other countries; international electronic mail and telex service available Radio: broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA radios: NA Television: broadcast stations: NA televisions: NA Georgia:Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Interior Ministry Troops, Border Guards/National Guard Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,385,593; males fit for military service 1,095,835; males reach military age (18) annually 42,207 (1995 est.) Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $85 million, NA% of GDP (1992) Note: Georgian forces are poorly organized and not fully under the government's control | |
From The CIA World Factbook (1995) [world95]: | |
Greece Greece:Geography Location: Southern Europe, bordering the Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea, between Albania and Turkey Map references: Europe Area: total area: 131,940 sq km land area: 130,800 sq km comparative area: slightly smaller than Alabama Land boundaries: total 1,210 km, Albania 282 km, Bulgaria 494 km, Turkey 206 km, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 228 km Coastline: 13,676 km Maritime claims: continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation territorial sea: 6 nm International disputes: complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Turkey in Aegean Sea; Cyprus question; dispute with The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia over name, symbols, and certain constitutional provisions; Greece is involved in a bilateral dispute with Albania over border demarcation, the treatment of Albania's ethnic Greek minority, and migrant Albanian workers in Greece Climate: temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers Terrain: mostly mountains with ranges extending into sea as peninsulas or chains of islands Natural resources: bauxite, lignite, magnesite, petroleum, marble Land use: arable land: 23% permanent crops: 8% meadows and pastures: 40% forest and woodland: 20% other: 9% Irrigated land: 11,900 sq km (1989 est.) Environment: current issues: air pollution; water pollution natural hazards: severe earthquakes international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea Note: strategic location dominating the Aegean Sea and southern approach to Turkish Straits; a peninsular country, possessing an archipelago of about 2,000 islands Greece:People Population: 10,647,511 (July 1995 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 18% (female 904,374; male 947,494) 15-64 years: 67% (female 3,601,029; male 3,565,931) 65 years and over: 15% (female 919,044; male 709,639) (July 1995 est.) Population growth rate: 0.72% (1995 est.) Birth rate: 10.56 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) Death rate: 9.31 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) Net migration rate: 5.99 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) Infant mortality rate: 8.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 77.92 years male: 75.39 years female: 80.59 years (1995 est.) Total fertility rate: 1.46 children born/woman (1995 est.) Nationality: noun: Greek(s) adjective: Greek Ethnic divisions: Greek 98%, other 2% note: the Greek Government states there are no ethnic divisions in Greece Religions: Greek Orthodox 98%, Muslim 1.3%, other 0.7% Languages: Greek (official), English, French Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1991) total population: 95% male: 98% female: 93% Labor force: 4.077 million by occupation: services 52%, agriculture 23%, industry 25% (1994) Greece:Government Names: conventional long form: Hellenic Republic conventional short form: Greece local long form: Elliniki Dhimokratia local short form: Ellas former: Kingdom of Greece Digraph: GR Type: presidential parliamentary government; monarchy rejected by referendum 8 December 1974 Capital: Athens Administrative divisions: 52 prefectures (nomoi, singular - nomos); Aitolia kai Akarnania, Akhaia, Argolis, Arkadhia, Arta, Attiki, Dhodhekanisos, Dhrama, Evritania, Evros, Evvoia, Florina, Fokis, Fthiotis, Grevena, Ilia, Imathia, Ioannina, Iraklion, Kardhitsa, Kastoria, Kavala, Kefallinia, Kerkira, Khalkidhiki, Khania, Khios, Kikladhes, Kilkis, Korinthia, Kozani, Lakonia, Larisa, Lasithi, Lesvos, Levkas, Magnisia, Messinia, Pella, Pieria, Piraievs, Preveza, Rethimni, Rodhopi, Samos, Serrai, Thesprotia, Thessaloniki, Trikala, Voiotia, Xanthi, Zakinthos, autonomous region: Agion Oros (Mt. Athos) Independence: 1829 (from the Ottoman Empire) National holiday: Independence Day, 25 March (1821) (proclamation of the war of independence) Constitution: 11 June 1975 Legal system: based on codified Roman law; judiciary divided into civil, criminal, and administrative courts Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory Executive branch: chief of state: President Konstantinos (Kostis) STEPHANOPOULOS (since 10 March 1995) election last held 10 March 1995 (next to be held by NA 2000); results - Konstantinos STEPHANOPOULOS was elected by Parliament head of government: Prime Minister Andreas PAPANDREOU (since 10 October 1993) cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president on recommendation of the prime minister Legislative branch: unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Vouli ton Ellinon): elections last held 10 October 1993 (next to be held by NA October 1997); results - PASOK 46.88%, ND 39.30%, Political Spring 4.87%, KKE 4.54%, and Progressive Left (replaced by Coalition of the Left and Progress) 2.94%; seats - (300 total) PASOK 170, ND 111, Political Spring 10, KKE 9 Judicial branch: Supreme Judicial Court, Special Supreme Tribunal Political parties and leaders: New Democracy (ND; conservative), Miltiades EVERT; Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), Andreas PAPANDREOU; Communist Party (KKE), Aleka PAPARIGA; Ecologist-Alternative List, leader rotates; Political Spring, Antonis SAMARAS; Coalition of the Left and Progress (Synaspismos), Nikolaos KONSTANTOPOULOS Member of: Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CERN, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, FAO, G- 6, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UPU, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Loucas TSILAS chancery: 2221 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 939-5800 FAX: [1] (202) 939-5824 consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco consulate(s): New Orleans US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas M.T. NILES embassy: 91 Vasilissis Sophias Boulevard, 10160 Athens mailing address: PSC 108, Athens; APO AE 09842 telephone: [30] (1) 721-2951, 8401 FAX: [30] (1) 645-6282 consulate(s) general: Thessaloniki Flag: nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white; there is a blue square in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white cross; the cross symbolizes Greek Orthodoxy, the established religion of the country Economy Overview: Greece has a mixed capitalist economy with the basic entrepreneurial system overlaid in 1981-89 by a socialist system that enlarged the public sector from 55% of GDP in 1981 to about 70% in 1989. Since then, the public sector has been reduced to about 60% of GDP. Tourism continues as a major source of foreign exchange, and agriculture is self-sufficient except for meat, dairy products, and animal feedstuffs. Over the last decade, real GDP growth has averaged 1.6% a year, compared with the European Union average of 2.2%. Inflation continues to be well above the EU average, and the national debt has reached 140% of GDP, the highest in the EU. Prime Minister PAPANDREOU will probably make only limited progress correcting the economy's problems of high inflation, large budget deficit, and decaying infrastructure. His economic program suggests that although he will shun his expansionary policies of the 1980s, he will avoid tough measures needed to slow inflation or reduce the state's role in the economy. He has limited the previous government's privatization plans, for example, and has called for generous welfare spending and real wage increases. Athens continues to rely heavily on EU aid, which recently has amounted to about 6% of GDP. Greece almost certainly will not meet the EU's Maastricht Treaty convergence targets of public deficit held to 3% of GDP and national debt to 60% of GDP by 1999. Per capita GDP has fallen below Portugal's level, the lowest among EU members. National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $93.7 billion (1994 est.) National product real growth rate: 0.4% (1994 est.) National product per capita: $8,870 (1994 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10.9% (1994 est.) Unemployment rate: 10.1% (1994 est.) Budget: revenues: $28.3 billion expenditures: $37.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.2 billion (1994) Exports: $9 billion (f.o.b., 1993) commodities: manufactured goods 53%, foodstuffs 34%, fuels 5% partners: Germany 24%, Italy 14%, France 7%, UK 6%, US 4% (1993) Imports: $19.2 billion (f.o.b., 1993) commodities: manufactured goods 72%, foodstuffs 15%, fuels 10% partners: Germany 16%, Italy 14%, France 7%, Japan 7%, UK 6% (1993) External debt: $26.9 billion (1993) Industrial production: growth rate 3.2% (1993 est.); accounts for 18% of GDP Electricity: capacity: 8,970,000 kW production: 35.8 billion kWh consumption per capita: 3,257 kWh (1993) Industries: tourism, food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, metal products, mining, petroleum Agriculture: including fishing and forestry, accounts for 12% of GDP; principal products - wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, olives, tomatoes, wine, tobacco, potatoes; self-sufficient in food except meat, dairy products, and animal feedstuffs Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis and limited opium; mostly for domestic production; serves as a gateway to Europe for traffickers smuggling cannabis and heroin from the Middle East and Southwest Asia to the West and precursor chemicals to the East; transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route Economic aid: recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $525 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.39 billion Currency: 1 drachma (Dr) = 100 lepta Exchange rates: drachmae (Dr) per US$1 - 238.20 (January 1995), 242.60 (1994), 229.26 (1993), 190.62 (1992), 182.27 (1991), 158.51 (1990) Fiscal year: calendar year Greece:Transportation Railroads: total: 2,503 km standard gauge: 1,565 km 1.435-m gauge (36 km electrified; 100 km double track) narrow gauge: 887 km 1,000-m gauge; 22 km 0.750-m gauge; 29 km 0.600-m gauge Highways: total: 130,000 km paved: 119,210 km (116 km expressways) unpaved: 10,790 km (1990) Inland waterways: 80 km; system consists of three coastal canals; including the Corinth Canal (6 km) which crosses the Isthmus of Corinth connecting the Gulf of Corinth with the Saronic Gulf and shortens the sea voyage from the Adriatic to Piraievs (Piraeus) by 325 km; and three unconnected rivers Pipelines: crude oil 26 km; petroleum products 547 km Ports: Alexandroupolis, Elevsis, Iraklion (Crete), Kavala, Kerkira, Khalkis, Igoumenitsa, Lavrion, Patrai, Piraievs (Piraeus), Thessaloniki, Volos Merchant marine: total: 1,046 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 29,076,911 GRT/53,618,024 DWT ships by type: bulk 469, cargo 105, chemical tanker 22, combination bulk 21, combination ore/oil 31, container 40, liquefied gas tanker 5, oil tanker 239, passenger 14, passenger-cargo 3, refrigerated cargo 10, roll-on/roll-off cargo 16, short-sea passenger 67, specialized tanker 3, vehicle carrier 1 note: ethnic Greeks also own 125 ships under Liberian registry, 323 under Panamanian, 705 under Cypriot, 351 under Maltese, and 100 under Bahamian Airports: total: 79 with paved runways over 3,047 m: 5 with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 15 with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 16 with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 17 with paved runways under 914 m: 22 with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 Greece:Communications Telephone system: 4,080,000 telephones; adequate, modern networks reach all areas; microwave radio relay carries most traffic; extensive open-wire network; submarine cables to off-shore islands local: NA intercity: microwave radio relay and open wire international: tropospheric links, 8 submarine cables; 2 INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1 EUTELSAT ground station Radio: broadcast stations: AM 29, FM 17 (repeaters 20), shortwave 0 radios: NA Television: broadcast stations: 361 televisions: NA Greece:Defense Forces Branches: Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy, Hellenic Air Force, National Guard, Police Manpower availability: males age 15-49 2,676,152; males fit for military service 2,046,996; males reach military age (21) annually 75,857 (1995 est.) Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $4.1 billion, 5.4% of GDP (1994) |