English Dictionary: Riemann | by the DICT Development Group |
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From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Ramean \Ra"me*an\, n. A Ramist. --Shipley. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Ramoon \Ra*moon"\, n. (Bot.) A small West Indian tree ({Trophis Americana}) of the Mulberry family, whose leaves and twigs are used as fodder for cattle. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Ranine \Ra"nine\, a. [L. rana a frog.] 1. (Zo[94]l.) Of or pertaining to the frogs and toads. 2. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or designating, a swelling under the tongue; also, pertaining to the region where the swelling occurs; -- applied especially to branches of the lingual artery and lingual vein. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Remain \Re*main"\ (r?-m?n"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. {Remained} (-m?nd"); p. pr. & vb. n. {Remaining}.] [OF. remaindre, remanoir, L. remanere; pref. re- re- + manere to stay, remain. See {Mansion}, and cf. {Remainder}, {Remnant}.] 1. To stay behind while others withdraw; to be left after others have been removed or destroyed; to be left after a number or quantity has been subtracted or cut off; to be left as not included or comprised. Gather up the fragments that remain. --John vi. 12. Of whom the greater part remain unto this present, but some are fallen asleep. --1 Cor. xv. 6. That . . . remains to be proved. --Locke. 2. To continue unchanged in place, form, or condition, or undiminished in quantity; to abide; to stay; to endure; to last. Remain a widow at thy father's house. --Gen. xxxviii. 11. Childless thou art; childless remain. --Milton. Syn: To continue; stay; wait; tarry; rest; sojourn; dwell; abide; last; endure. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Remain \Re*main"\, v. t. To await; to be left to. [Archaic] The easier conquest now remains thee. --Milton. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Remainm \Re*main"m\ n. 1. State of remaining; stay. [Obs.] Which often, since my here remain in England, I 've seen him do. --Shak. 2. That which is left; relic; remainder; -- chiefly in the plural. [bd]The remains of old Rome.[b8] --Addison. When this remain of horror has entirely subsided. --Burke. 3. Specif., in the plural: (a) That which is left of a human being after the life is gone; relics; a dead body. Old warriors whose adored remains In weeping vaults her hallowed earth contains! --Pope. (b) The posthumous works or productions, esp. literary works, of one who is dead; as, Cecil's Remains. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Remean \Re*mean"\ (r[?]-m[?]n"), v. t. To give meaning to; to explain the meaning of; to interpret. [Obs.] --Wyclif. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Rename \Re*name"\ (r?*n?m"), v. t. To give a new name to. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Renomee \Re`no*mee"\ (r[amac]`n[osl]*m[amac]"), n. [F. renomm[82]e.] Renown. [Obs.] --Chaucer. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Renowme \Re*nowme"\ (r?-noum"), n. Renown. [Obs.] The glory and renowme of the ancectors. --Robynson (More's Utopia). | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Renown \Re*nown"\ (r?-noun"), n. [F. renom. See {Noun}, and cf. {Renown}, v.] 1. The state of being much known and talked of; exalted reputation derived from the extensive praise of great achievements or accomplishments; fame; celebrity; -- always in a good sense. Nor envy we Thy great renown, nor grudge thy victory. --Dryden. 2. Report of nobleness or exploits; praise. This famous duke of Milan, Of whom so often I have heard renown. --Shak. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Renown \Re*nown"\ (r?-noun"), v. t. [F. renommer to name again, celebrate, make famous; pref. re- re- + nommer to name, L. nominare, fr. nomen a name. See {Noun}.] To make famous; to give renown to. [Obs.] For joi to hear me so renown his son. --Chapman. The bard whom pilfered pastorals renown. --Pope. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Reunion \Re*un"ion\, n. [Pref. re- + union: cf. F. r[82]union.] 1. A second union; union formed anew after separation, secession, or discord; as, a reunion of parts or particles of matter; a reunion of parties or sects. 2. An assembling of persons who have been separated, as of a family, or the members of a disbanded regiment; an assembly so composed. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Roman \Ro"man\, n. 1. A native, or permanent resident, of Rome; a citizen of Rome, or one upon whom certain rights and privileges of a Roman citizen were conferred. 2. Roman type, letters, or print, collectively; -- in distinction from Italics. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Roman \Ro"man\, a. [L. Romanus, fr. Roma Rome: cf. F. romain. Cf. {Romaic}, {Romance}, {Romantic}.] 1. Of or pertaining to Rome, or the Roman people; like or characteristic of Rome, the Roman people, or things done by Romans; as, Roman fortitude; a Roman aqueduct; Roman art. 2. Of or pertaining to the Roman Catholic religion; professing that religion. 3. (Print.) (a) Upright; erect; -- said of the letters or kind of type ordinarily used, as distinguished from Italic characters. (b) Expressed in letters, not in figures, as I., IV., i., iv., etc.; -- said of numerals, as distinguished from the Arabic numerals, 1, 4, etc. {Roman alum} (Chem.), a cubical potassium alum formerly obtained in large quantities from Italian alunite, and highly valued by dyers on account of its freedom from iron. {Roman balance}, a form of balance nearly resembling the modern steelyard. See the Note under {Balance}, n., 1. {Roman candle}, a kind of firework (generally held in the hand), characterized by the continued emission of shower of sparks, and the ejection, at intervals, of brilliant balls or stars of fire which are thrown upward as they become ignited. {Roman Catholic}, of, pertaining to, or the religion of that church of which the pope is the spiritual head; as, a Roman Catholic priest; the Roman Catholic Church. {Roman cement}, a cement having the property of hardening under water; a species of hydraulic cement. {Roman law}. See under {Law}. {Roman nose}, a nose somewhat aquiline. {Roman ocher}, a deep, rich orange color, transparent and durable, used by artists. --Ure. {Roman order} (Arch.), the composite order. See {Composite}, a., 2. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Composite \Com*pos"ite\ (?; 277), a. [L. compositus made up of parts, p. p. of componere. See {Compound}, v. t., and cf. {Compost}.] 1. Made up of distinct parts or elements; compounded; as, a composite language. Happiness, like air and water . . . is composite. --Landor. 2. (Arch.) Belonging to a certain order which is composed of the Ionic order grafted upon the Corinthian. It is called also the {Roman} or the {Italic} order, and is one of the five orders recognized by the Italian writers of the sixteenth century. See {Capital}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Romany \Rom"a*ny\, n. [Gypsy romano, romani, adj., gypsy; cf. rom husband.] 1. A gypsy. 2. The language spoken among themselves by the gypsies. [Written also {Rommany}.] | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Romeine \Ro"me*ine\, Romeite \Ro"me*ite\, n. [F. rom[82]ine. So calledafter the French mineralogist Rom[82] L'Isle.] (Min.) A mineral of a hyacinth or honey-yellow color, occuring in square octahedrons. It is an antimonate of calcium. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Romany \Rom"a*ny\, n. [Gypsy romano, romani, adj., gypsy; cf. rom husband.] 1. A gypsy. 2. The language spoken among themselves by the gypsies. [Written also {Rommany}.] | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Ronion \Ron"ion\, Ronyon \Ron"yon\, n. [F. rogne scab, mange.] A mangy or scabby creature. [bd]Aroint thee, with![b8] the rump-fed ronyon cries. --Shak. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Ronnen \Ron"nen\, obs. p. p. of {Renne}, to run. --Chaucer. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Ronion \Ron"ion\, Ronyon \Ron"yon\, n. [F. rogne scab, mange.] A mangy or scabby creature. [bd]Aroint thee, with![b8] the rump-fed ronyon cries. --Shak. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Runnion \Run"nion\, n. See {Ronion.} | |
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]: | |
Ramona, CA (CDP, FIPS 59346) Location: 33.03615 N, 116.87005 W Population (1990): 13040 (4405 housing units) Area: 27.0 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water) Zip code(s): 92065 Ramona, KS (city, FIPS 58375) Location: 38.59746 N, 97.06360 W Population (1990): 106 (51 housing units) Area: 0.8 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water) Zip code(s): 67475 Ramona, OK (town, FIPS 61700) Location: 36.53139 N, 95.92529 W Population (1990): 508 (268 housing units) Area: 2.0 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water) Zip code(s): 74061 Ramona, SD (town, FIPS 52860) Location: 44.12008 N, 97.21504 W Population (1990): 194 (97 housing units) Area: 0.7 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water) Zip code(s): 57054 | |
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]: | |
Raynham, MA Zip code(s): 02767 Raynham, NC (town, FIPS 55340) Location: 34.57486 N, 79.19047 W Population (1990): 106 (47 housing units) Area: 0.4 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water) | |
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]: | |
Rimini, SC Zip code(s): 29131 | |
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]: | |
Ronan, MT (city, FIPS 64150) Location: 47.52840 N, 114.09980 W Population (1990): 1547 (710 housing units) Area: 2.8 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water) Zip code(s): 59864 | |
From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]: | |
RMON 1. 2. {Remote Monitor}. (2003-09-15) | |
From The Elements (22Oct97) [elements]: | |
rhenium Symbol: Re Atomic number: 75 Atomic weight: 186.2 Silvery-white metallic transition element. Obtained as a by-product of molybdenum refinement. Rhenium-molybdenum alloys are superconducting. | |
From Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary [easton]: | |
Rimmon pomegranate. (1.) A man of Beeroth (2 Sam. 4:2), one of the four Gibeonite cities. (See Josh. 9:17.) (2.) A Syrian idol, mentioned only in 2 Kings 5:18. (3.) One of the "uttermost cities" of Judah, afterwards given to Simeon (Josh. 15:21, 32; 19:7; 1 Chr. 4:32). In Josh. 15:32 Ain and Rimmon are mentioned separately, but in 19:7 and 1 Chr. 4:32 (comp. Neh. 11:29) the two words are probably to be combined, as forming together the name of one place, Ain-Rimmon=the spring of the pomegranate. It has been identified with Um er-Rumamin, about 13 miles south-west of Hebron. (4.) "Rock of," to which the Benjamites fled (Judg. 20:45, 47; 21:13), and where they maintained themselves for four months after the fearful battle at Gibeah, in which they were almost exterminated, 600 only surviving out of about 27,000. It is the present village of Rummon, "on the very edge of the hill country, with a precipitous descent toward the Jordan valley," supposed to be the site of Ai. | |
From Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary (late 1800's) [hitchcock]: | |
Remmon, greatness; elevation; a pomegranate-tree | |
From Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary (late 1800's) [hitchcock]: | |
Rimmon, exalted; pomegranate | |
From Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary (late 1800's) [hitchcock]: | |
Roman, strong; powerful | |
From The CIA World Factbook (1995) [world95]: | |
Reunion (overseas department of France) Reunion:Geography Location: Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar Map references: World Area: total area: 2,510 sq km land area: 2,500 sq km comparative area: slightly smaller than Rhode Island Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 201 km Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: none Climate: tropical, but moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May to November, hot and rainy from November to April Terrain: mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast Natural resources: fish, arable land Land use: arable land: 20% permanent crops: 2% meadows and pastures: 4% forest and woodland: 35% other: 39% Irrigated land: 60 sq km (1989 est.) Environment: current issues: NA natural hazards: periodic, devastating cyclones (December to April); Piton de la Fournaise on the southeastern coast is an active volcano international agreements: NA Reunion:People Population: 666,067 (July 1995 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 32% (female 104,924; male 109,972) 15-64 years: 62% (female 210,762; male 203,774) 65 years and over: 6% (female 21,606; male 15,029) (July 1995 est.) Population growth rate: 1.98% (1995 est.) Birth rate: 24.59 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) Death rate: 4.79 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) Infant mortality rate: 7.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 74.46 years male: 71.39 years female: 77.67 years (1995 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.75 children born/woman (1995 est.) Nationality: noun: Reunionese (singular and plural) adjective: Reunionese Ethnic divisions: French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, Indian Religions: Roman Catholic 94% Languages: French (official), Creole widely used Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1982) total population: 79% male: 76% female: 80% Labor force: NA by occupation: agriculture 30%, industry 21%, services 49% (1981) Reunion:Government Names: conventional long form: Department of Reunion conventional short form: Reunion local long form: none local short form: Ile de la Reunion Digraph: RE Type: overseas department of France Capital: Saint-Denis Administrative divisions: none (overseas department of France) Independence: none (overseas department of France) National holiday: National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) Legal system: French law Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Executive branch: chief of state: President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981) head of government: Prefect of Reunion Island Hubert FOURNIER (since NA) cabinet: Council of Ministers Legislative branch: unicameral General Council and unicameral Regional Council General Council: elections last held March 1994 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (47 total) PCR 12, PS 12, UDF 11, RPR 5, others 7 Regional Council: elections last held 25 June 1993 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (45 total) UPF 17, Free-Dom Movement 13, PCR 9, PS 6 French Senate: elections last held 24 September 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (3 total) RPR 1, FRA 1, independent 1 French National Assembly: elections last held 21 and 28 March 1993 (next to be held NA 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (5 total) PS 1, PCR 1, UPF 1, RPR 1, UDF-CDS 1 Judicial branch: Court of Appeals (Cour d'Appel) Political parties and leaders: Rally for the Republic (RPR), Alain DEFAUD; Union for French Democracy (UDF), Gilbert GERARD; Communist Party of Reunion (PCR), Elie HOARAU;; France-Reunion Future (FRA), Andre THIEN AH KOON; Socialist Party (PS), Jean-Claude FRUTEAU; Social Democrats (CDS), leader NA; Union for France (UPF - including RPR and UDF); Free-Dom Movement, Marguerite SUDRE Member of: FZ, WFTU Diplomatic representation in US: none (overseas department of France) US diplomatic representation: none (overseas department of France) Flag: the flag of France is used Economy Overview: The economy has traditionally been based on agriculture. Sugarcane has been the primary crop for more than a century, and in some years it accounts for 85% of exports. The government has been pushing the development of a tourist industry to relieve high unemployment, which recently amounted to one-third of the labor force. The gap in Reunion between the well-off and the poor is extraordinary and accounts for the persistent social tensions. The white and Indian communities are substantially better off than other segments of the population, often approaching European standards, whereas indigenous groups suffer the poverty and unemployment typical of the poorer nations of the African continent. The outbreak of severe rioting in February 1991 illustrates the seriousness of socioeconomic tensions. The economic well-being of Reunion depends heavily on continued financial assistance from France. National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $2.5 billion (1993 est.) National product real growth rate: NA% National product per capita: $3,900 (1993 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% Unemployment rate: 35% (February 1991) Budget: revenues: $358 million expenditures: $914 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1986 est.) Exports: $166 million (f.o.b., 1988) commodities: sugar 75%, rum and molasses 4%, perfume essences 4%, lobster 3%, vanilla and tea 1% partners: France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, Italy Imports: $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1988) commodities: manufactured goods, food, beverages, tobacco, machinery and transportation equipment, raw materials, and petroleum products partners: France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, Italy External debt: $NA Industrial production: growth rate NA%; about 25% of GDP Electricity: capacity: 180,000 kW production: 1 billion kWh consumption per capita: 1,454 kWh (1993) Industries: sugar, rum, cigarettes, several small shops producing handicraft items Agriculture: accounts for 30% of labor force; dominant sector of economy; cash crops - sugarcane, vanilla, tobacco; food crops - tropical fruits, vegetables, corn; imports large share of food needs Economic aid: recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $14.8 billion Currency: 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.2943 (January 1995), 5.5520 (1994), 5.6632 (1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 (1990) Fiscal year: calendar year Reunion:Transportation Railroads: 0 km Highways: total: 2,800 km paved: 2,200 km unpaved: gravel, crushed stone, stabilized earth 600 km Ports: Le Port, Pointe des Galets Merchant marine: none Airports: total: 2 with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 Reunion:Communications Telephone system: 85,900 telephones; adequate system; principal center Saint-Denis local: NA intercity: modern open-wire and microwave network international: radiocommunication to Comoros, France, Madagascar; new microwave route to Mauritius; 1 INTELSAT (Indian Ocean) earth station Radio: broadcast stations: AM 3, FM 13, shortwave 0 radios: NA Television: broadcast stations: 1 (repeaters 18) televisions: NA Reunion:Defense Forces Branches: French forces (Army, Navy, Air Force, and Gendarmerie) Manpower availability: males age 15-49 173,693; males fit for military service 89,438; males reach military age (18) annually 5,781 (1995 est.) Note: defense is the responsibility of France | |
From The CIA World Factbook (1995) [world95]: | |
Romania Romania:Geography Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine Map references: Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe Area: total area: 237,500 sq km land area: 230,340 sq km comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon Land boundaries: total 2,508 km, Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km, Serbia and Montenegro 476 km (all with Serbia), Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (south) 169 km Coastline: 225 km Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: certain territory of Moldova and Ukraine - including Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina - are considered by Bucharest as historically a part of Romania; this territory was incorporated into the former Soviet Union following the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in 1940 Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms Terrain: central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Plain of Moldavia on the east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps Natural resources: petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt Land use: arable land: 43% permanent crops: 3% meadows and pastures: 19% forest and woodland: 28% other: 7% Irrigated land: 34,500 sq km (1989 est.) Environment: current issues: soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands natural hazards: earthquakes most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of the Sea Note: controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine Romania:People Population: 23,198,330 (July 1995 est.) note: the Romanian census of January 1992 gives the population for that date as 22.749 million; the government estimates that population declined in 1993 by 0.3% Age structure: 0-14 years: 21% (female 2,413,933; male 2,534,019) 15-64 years: 67% (female 7,737,531; male 7,732,038) 65 years and over: 12% (female 1,604,210; male 1,176,599) (July 1995 est.) Population growth rate: 0.09% (1995 est.) Birth rate: 13.71 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) Death rate: 9.93 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) Net migration rate: -2.88 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) Infant mortality rate: 18.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.24 years male: 69.31 years female: 75.35 years (1995 est.) Total fertility rate: 1.82 children born/woman (1995 est.) Nationality: noun: Romanian(s) adjective: Romanian Ethnic divisions: Romanian 89.1%, Hungarian 8.9%, German 0.4%, Ukrainian, Serb, Croat, Russian, Turk, and Gypsy 1.6% Religions: Romanian Orthodox 70%, Roman Catholic 6% (of which 3% are Uniate), Protestant 6%, unaffiliated 18% Languages: Romanian, Hungarian, German Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1992) total population: 97% male: 98% female: 95% Labor force: 11.3 million (1992) by occupation: industry 38%, agriculture 28%, other 34% (1989) Romania:Government Names: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Romania local long form: none local short form: Romania Digraph: RO Type: republic Capital: Bucharest Administrative divisions: 40 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea Independence: 1881 (from Turkey; republic proclaimed 30 December 1947) National holiday: National Day of Romania, 1 December (1990) Constitution: 8 December 1991 Legal system: former mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory; is now based on the Constitution of France's Fifth Republic Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Executive branch: chief of state: President Ion ILIESCU (since 20 June 1990, previously President of Provisional Council of National Unity since 23 December 1989); election last held 27 September 1992, with runoff between top two candidates on 11 October 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Ion ILIESCU 61.4%, Emil CONSTANTINESCU 38.6% head of government: Prime Minister Nicolae VACAROIU (since November 1992) cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the prime minister Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament Senate (Senat): elections last held 27 September 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - PSDR 34.3%, CDR 18.2%, DP-FSN 12.6%, others 34.9%; seats - (143 total) PSDR 49, CDR 26, DP-FSN 18, PUNR 13, UDMR 12, PRM 6, PAC 6, PDAR 5, PSM 5, PL-93 2 other 1 House of Deputies (Adunarea Deputatilor): elections last held 27 September 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - PSDR 34.0%, CDR 16,4%, DP-FSN 12.3%, others 37.3%; seats - (341 total) PSDR 116, CDR 56, DP-FSN 42, PUNR 29, UDMR 27, PL-93 19, PRM 15, PSM 13, PAC 5, other 19 Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice, Constitutional Court Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party (DP-FSN), Petre ROMAN; Social Democratic Party of Romania (PSDR), Adrian NASTASE; Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR), Bela MARKO; National Liberal Party (PNL), Mircea IONESCU-QUINTUS; National Peasants' Christian and Democratic Party (PNTCD), Corneliu COPOSU; Romanian National Unity Party (PUNR), Gheorghe FUNAR; Socialist Labor Party (PSM), Ilie VERDET; Agrarian Democratic Party of Romania (PDAR), Victor SURDU; The Democratic Convention (CDR), Emil CONSTANTINESCU; Romania Mare Party (PRM), Corneliu Vadim TUDOR; Civic Alliance Party (PAC), Nicolae MANOLESCU, chairman note: numerous other small parties exist but almost all failed to gain representation in the most recent election Other political or pressure groups: various human rights and professional associations Member of: ACCT, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CEI (associate members), EBRD, ECE, FAO, G- 9, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, OAS (observer), OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOSOM, UPU, WCL, WEU (associate partner), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Mihai Horia BOTEZ chancery: 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 332-4846, 4848, 4851 FAX: [1] (202) 232-4748 consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Alfred H. MOSES embassy: Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest mailing address: American Consulate General (Bucharest), Unit 1315, Bucharest; APO AE 09213-1315 telephone: [40] (1) 210 01 49, 210 40 42 FAX: [40] (1) 210 03 95 branch office: Cluj-Napoca Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed; now similar to the flags of Andorra and Chad Economy Overview: Despite the continuing difficulties in moving away from the former command system, the Romanian economy seems to have bottomed out in 1993-94. Market oriented reforms have been introduced fitfully since the downfall of CEAUSESCU in December 1989, with the result a growing private sector, especially in services. The slow pace of structural reform, however, has exacerbated Romania's high inflation rate and eroded real wages. Agricultural production rebounded in 1993 from the drought-reduced harvest of 1992. The economy continued its recovery in 1994, further gains being realized in agriculture, construction, services, and trade. Food supplies are adequate but expensive. Romania's infrastructure had deteriorated over the last five years due to reduced levels of public investment. Residents of the capital reported frequent disruptions of heating and water services. The slow and painful process of conversion to a more open economy will continue in 1995. National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $64.7 billion (1994 est.) National product real growth rate: 3.4% (1994 est.) National product per capita: $2,790 (1994 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 62% (1994) Unemployment rate: 10.9% (December 1994) Budget: revenues: $8.3 billion expenditures: $9.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1995 est.) Exports: $6 billion (f.o.b., 1994) commodities: metals and metal products 17.6%, mineral products 11.9%, textiles 18.5%, electric machines and equipment 8.4%, transport materials 6.5% (1994) partners: EC 36.1%, developing countries 27.4%, East and Central Europe 14.9%, EFTA 5.1%, Russia 5%, Japan 1.4%, US 1.3% (1993) Imports: $6.3 billion (f.o.b., 1994) commodities: minerals 21.1%, machinery and equipment 19.7%, textiles 11.5%, agricultural goods 9.2% (1994) partners: EC 45.8%, East and Central Europe 8.6%, developing countries 22.6%, Russia 11%, EFTA 6.2%, US 5.0%, Japan 0.8% (1993) External debt: $4.4 billion (1994) Industrial production: growth rate -1% (1993 est.); accounts for 45% of GDP Electricity: capacity: 22,180,000 kW production: 50.8 billion kWh consumption per capita: 2,076 kWh (1993) Industries: mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, machine building, food processing, petroleum production and refining Agriculture: accounts for 18% of GDP and 28% of labor force; major wheat and corn producer; other products - sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, milk, eggs, meat, grapes Illicit drugs: transshipment point for southwest Asian heroin and Latin American cocaine transiting the Balkan route Economic aid: $NA Currency: 1 leu (L) = 100 bani Exchange rates: lei (L) per US$1 - 1,776.00 (January 1995), 1,655.09 (1994), 760.05 (1993), 307.95 (1992), 76.39 (1991), 22.432 (1990) Fiscal year: calendar year Romania:Transportation Railroads: total: 11,365 km broad gauge: 45 km 1.524-m gauge standard gauge: 10,893 km 1.435-m gauge (3,723 km electrified; 3,060 km double track) narrow gauge: 427 km 0.760-m gauge (1994) Highways: total: 461,880 km paved: 235,559 km (113 km of expressways) unpaved: 226,321 km (1992) Inland waterways: 1,724 km (1984) Pipelines: crude oil 2,800 km; petroleum products 1,429 km; natural gas 6,400 km (1992) Ports: Braila, Constanta, Galatz, Mangalia, Sulina, Tulcea Merchant marine: total: 238 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,528,971 GRT/3,849,943 DWT ships by type: bulk 46, cargo 167, container 2, oil tanker 14, passenger-cargo 1, railcar carrier 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 7 note: in addition, Romania owns 20 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,207,388 DWT that operate under Liberian, Maltese, Cypriot, and Bahamian registry Airports: total: 156 with paved runways over 3,047 m: 4 with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 9 with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 14 with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1 with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 17 with unpaved runways under 914 m: 108 Romania:Communications Telephone system: about 2.3 million telephones; 99 telephones/1,000 persons; 89% of phone network is automatic; poor service; cable and open wire local: NA intercity: trunk network is microwave; roughly 3,300 villages with no service (February 1990) international: 1 INTELSAT earth station; new digital international direct dial exchanges are in Bucharest (1993) Radio: broadcast stations: AM 12, FM 5, shortwave 0 radios: NA Television: broadcast stations: 13 (1990) televisions: NA Romania:Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Paramilitary Forces, Civil Defense Manpower availability: males age 15-49 5,934,524; males fit for military service 5,002,287; males reach military age (20) annually 196,587 (1995 est.) Defense expenditures: 1,260 billion lei, 3% of GDP (1994); note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results |