English Dictionary: Neisseria gonorrhoeae | by the DICT Development Group |
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From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Guinea \Guin"ea\ (g[icr]n"[esl]), n. 1. A district on the west coast of Africa (formerly noted for its export of gold and slaves) after which the Guinea fowl, Guinea grass, Guinea peach, etc., are named. 2. A gold coin of England current for twenty-one shillings sterling, or about five dollars, but not coined since the issue of sovereigns in 1817. The guinea, so called from the Guinea gold out of which it was first struck, was proclaimed in 1663, and to go for twenty shillings; but it never went for less than twenty-one shillings. --Pinkerton. {Guinea corn}. (Bot.) See {Durra}. {Guinea Current} (Geog.), a current in the Atlantic Ocean setting southwardly into the Bay of Benin on the coast of Guinea. {Guinea dropper} one who cheats by dropping counterfeit guineas. [Obs.] --Gay. {Guinea fowl}, {Guinea hen} (Zo[94]l.), an African gallinaceous bird, of the genus {Numida}, allied to the pheasants. The common domesticated species ({N. meleagris}), has a colored fleshy horn on each aide of the head, and is of a dark gray color, variegated with small white spots. The crested Guinea fowl ({N. cristata}) is a finer species. {Guinea grains} (Bot.), grains of Paradise, or amomum. See {Amomum}. {Guinea grass} (Bot.), a tall strong forage grass ({Panicum jumentorum}) introduced. from Africa into the West Indies and Southern United States. {Guinea-hen flower} (Bot.), a liliaceous flower ({Fritillaria Meleagris}) with petals spotted like the feathers of the Guinea hen. {Guinea peach}. See under {Peach}. {Guinea pepper} (Bot.), the pods of the {Xylopia aromatica}, a tree of the order {Anonace[91]}, found in tropical West Africa. They are also sold under the name of {Piper [92]thiopicum}. {Guinea pig}. [Prob. a mistake for Guiana pig.] (a) (Zo[94]l.) A small Brazilian rodent ({Cavia cobaya}), about seven inches in length and usually of a white color, with spots of orange and black. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Nacreous \Na"cre*ous\, a. [See {Nacre}.] (Zo[94]l.) Consisting of, or resembling, nacre; pearly. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Neckerchief \Neck"er*chief\, n. [For neck kerchief.] A kerchief for the neck; -- called also {neck handkerchief}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Necroscopic \Nec`ro*scop"ic\, Necroscopical \Nec`ro*scop"ic*al\, a. [Gr. [?] a dead body + -scope.] Or or relating to post-mortem examinations. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Necroscopic \Nec`ro*scop"ic\, Necroscopical \Nec`ro*scop"ic*al\, a. [Gr. [?] a dead body + -scope.] Or or relating to post-mortem examinations. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Necrose \Ne*crose"\, v. t. & i. (Med.) To affect with necrosis; to unergo necrosis. --Quain. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Necrosed \Ne*crosed"\, a. (Med.) Affected by necrosis; dead; as, a necrosed bone. --Dunglison. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Negress \Ne"gress\, n.; pl. {Negresses}. [Cf. F. n[82]grese, fem. of n[82]gre a negro. See {Negro}.] A black woman; a female negro. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Negress \Ne"gress\, n.; pl. {Negresses}. [Cf. F. n[82]grese, fem. of n[82]gre a negro. See {Negro}.] A black woman; a female negro. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Negro \Ne"gro\, a. Of or pertaining to negroes; black. {Negro bug} (Zo[94]l.), a minute black bug common on the raspberry and blackberry. It produced a very disagreeable flavor. {negro corn}, the Indian millet or durra; -- so called in the West Indies. see {Durra}. --McElrath. {Negro fly} (Zo[94]l.), a black dipterous fly ({Psila ros[91]}) which, in the larval state, is injurious to carrots; -- called also {carrot fly}. {Negro head} (Com.), Cavendish tobacco. [Cant] --McElrath. {Negro monkey} (Zo[94]l.), the moor monkey. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Negro \Ne"gro\, n.; pl. {Negroes}. [Sp. or Pg. negro, fr. negro black, L. niger; perh. akin to E. night.] A black man; especially, one of a race of black or very dark persons who inhabit the greater part of tropical Africa, and are distinguished by crisped or curly hair, flat noses, and thick protruding lips; also, any black person of unmixed African blood, wherever found. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Neo-Christianity \Ne`o-Chris*tian"i*ty\ (? [or] ?), n. [Neo- + Christianity.] Rationalism. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Neocracy \Ne*oc"ra*cy\, n. [Neo-+ -cracy, as in aristocracy.] Government by new or inexperienced hands; upstart rule; raw or untried officials. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Neo-Greek \Ne`o-Greek"\, n. A member of a body of French painters (F. les n[82]o-Grecs) of the middle 19th century. The term is rather one applied by outsiders to certain artists of grave and refined style, such as Hamon and Aubert, than a name adopted by the artists themselves. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Water shrew \Wa"ter shrew`\ (Zo[94]l.) Any one of several species of shrews having fringed feet and capable of swimming actively. The two common European species ({Crossopus fodiens}, and {C. ciliatus}) are the best known. The most common American water shrew, or marsh shrew ({Neosorex palustris}), is rarely seen, owing to its nocturnal habits. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Shrew \Shrew\, n. [See {Shrew}, a.] 1. Originally, a brawling, turbulent, vexatious person of either sex, but now restricted in use to females; a brawler; a scold. A man . . . grudgeth that shrews [i. e., bad men] have prosperity, or else that good men have adversity. --Chaucer. A man had got a shrew to his wife, and there could be no quiet in the house for her. --L'Estrange. 2. [AS. scre[a0]wa; -- so called because supposed to be venomous. ] (Zo[94]l.) Any small insectivore of the genus {Sorex} and several allied genera of the family {Sorecid[91]}. In form and color they resemble mice, but they have a longer and more pointed nose. Some of them are the smallest of all mammals. Note: The common European species are the house shrew ({Crocidura araneus}), and the erd shrew ({Sorex vulgaris}) (see under {Erd}.). In the United States several species of {Sorex} and {Blarina} are common, as the broadnosed shrew ({S. platyrhinus}), Cooper's shrew ({S. Cooperi}), and the short-tailed, or mole, shrew ({Blarina brevicauda}). Th American water, or marsh, shrew ({Neosorex palustris}), with fringed feet, is less common. The common European water shrews are {Crossopus fodiens}, and the oared shrew (see under {Oared}). {Earth shrew}, any shrewlike burrowing animal of the family {Centetid[91]}, as the tendrac. {Elephant shrew}, {Jumping shrew}, {Mole shrew}. See under {Elephant}, {Jumping}, etc. {Musk shrew}. See {Desman}. {River shrew}, an aquatic West African insectivore ({Potamogale velox}) resembling a weasel in form and size, but having a large flattened and crested tail adapted for rapid swimming. It feeds on fishes. {Shrew mole}, a common large North American mole ({Scalops aquaticus}). Its fine, soft fur is gray with iridescent purple tints. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
New \New\, a. [Compar. {Newer}; superl. {Newest}.] [OE. OE. newe, AS. niwe, neowe; akin to D. nieuw, OS. niwi, OHG. niuwi, G. neu, Icel. n[?]r, Dan. & Sw. ny, Goth. niujis, Lith. naujas, Russ. novuii, Ir. nua, nuadh, Gael. nuadh, W. newydd, Armor. nevez, L. novus, gr. [?], Skr. nava, and prob. to E. now. [root]263. See {Now}, and cf. {Announce}, {Innovate}, {Neophyte}, {Novel}.] 1. Having existed, or having been made, but a short time; having originated or occured lately; having recently come into existence, or into one's possession; not early or long in being; of late origin; recent; fresh; modern; -- opposed to {old}, as, a new coat; a new house; a new book; a new fashion. [bd]Your new wife.[b8] --Chaucer. 2. Not before seen or known, although existing before; lately manifested; recently discovered; as, a new metal; a new planet; new scenes. 3. Newly beginning or recurring; starting anew; now commencing; different from has been; as, a new year; a new course or direction. 4. As if lately begun or made; having the state or quality of original freshness; also, changed for the better; renovated; unworn; untried; unspent; as, rest and travel made him a new man. Steadfasty purposing to lead a new life. --Bk. of Com. Prayer. Men after long emaciating diets, fat, and almost new. --Bacon. 5. Not of ancient extraction, or of a family of ancient descent; not previously kniwn or famous. --Addison. 6. Not habituated; not familiar; unaccustomed. New to the plow, unpracticed in the trace. --Pope. 7. Fresh from anything; newly come. New from her sickness to that northern air. --Dryden. {New birth}. See under {Birth}. {New Church}, [or] {New Jerusalem Church}, the church holding the doctrines taught by Emanuel Swedenborg. See {Swedenborgian}. {New heart} (Theol.), a heart or character changed by the power of God, so as to be governed by new and holy motives. {New land}, land ckeared and cultivated for the first time. {New light}. (Zo[94]l.) See {Crappie}. {New moon}. (a) The moon in its first quarter, or when it first appears after being invisible. (b) The day when the new moon is first seen; the first day of the lunar month, which was a holy day among the Jews. --2 Kings iv. 23. {New Red Sandstone} (Geol.), an old name for the formation immediately above the coal measures or strata, now divided into the Permian and Trias. See {Sandstone}. {New style}. See {Style}. {New testament}. See under {Testament}. {New world}, the land of the Western Hemisphere; -- so called because not known to the inhabitants of the Eastern Hemisphere until recent times. Syn: Novel; recent; fresh; modern. See {Novel}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Tea \Tea\, n. [Chin. tsh[be], Prov. Chin. te: cf. F. th[82].] 1. The prepared leaves of a shrub, or small tree ({Thea, [or] Camellia, Chinensis}). The shrub is a native of China, but has been introduced to some extent into some other countries. Note: Teas are classed as green or black, according to their color or appearance, the kinds being distinguished also by various other characteristic differences, as of taste, odor, and the like. The color, flavor, and quality are dependent upon the treatment which the leaves receive after being gathered. The leaves for green tea are heated, or roasted slightly, in shallow pans over a wood fire, almost immediately after being gathered, after which they are rolled with the hands upon a table, to free them from a portion of their moisture, and to twist them, and are then quickly dried. Those intended for black tea are spread out in the air for some time after being gathered, and then tossed about with the hands until they become soft and flaccid, when they are roasted for a few minutes, and rolled, and having then been exposed to the air for a few hours in a soft and moist state, are finally dried slowly over a charcoal fire. The operation of roasting and rolling is sometimes repeated several times, until the leaves have become of the proper color. The principal sorts of green tea are Twankay, the poorest kind; Hyson skin, the refuse of Hyson; Hyson, Imperial, and Gunpowder, fine varieties; and Young Hyson, a choice kind made from young leaves gathered early in the spring. Those of black tea are Bohea, the poorest kind; Congou; Oolong; Souchong, one of the finest varieties; and Pekoe, a fine-flavored kind, made chiefly from young spring buds. See {Bohea}, {Congou}, {Gunpowder tea}, under {Gunpowder}, {Hyson}, {Oolong}, and {Souchong}. --K. Johnson. Tomlinson. Note: [bd]No knowledge of . . . [tea] appears to have reached Europe till after the establishment of intercourse between Portugal and China in 1517. The Portuguese, however, did little towards the introduction of the herb into Europe, and it was not till the Dutch established themselves at Bantam early in 17th century, that these adventurers learned from the Chinese the habit of tea drinking, and brought it to Europe.[b8] --Encyc. Brit. 2. A decoction or infusion of tea leaves in boiling water; as, tea is a common beverage. 3. Any infusion or decoction, especially when made of the dried leaves of plants; as, sage tea; chamomile tea; catnip tea. 4. The evening meal, at which tea is usually served; supper. {Arabian tea}, the leaves of {Catha edulis}; also (Bot.), the plant itself. See {Kat}. {Assam tea}, tea grown in Assam, in India, originally brought there from China about the year 1850. {Australian}, [or] {Botany Bay}, {tea} (Bot.), a woody clambing plant ({Smilax glycyphylla}). {Brazilian tea}. (a) The dried leaves of {Lantana pseodothea}, used in Brazil as a substitute for tea. (b) The dried leaves of {Stachytarpheta mutabilis}, used for adulterating tea, and also, in Austria, for preparing a beverage. {Labrador tea}. (Bot.) See under {Labrador}. {New Jersey tea} (Bot.), an American shrub, the leaves of which were formerly used as a substitute for tea; redroot. See {Redroot}. {New Zealand tea}. (Bot.) See under {New Zealand}. {Oswego tea}. (Bot.) See {Oswego tea}. {Paraguay tea}, mate. See 1st {Mate}. {Tea board}, a board or tray for holding a tea set. {Tea bug} (Zo[94]l.), an hemipterous insect which injures the tea plant by sucking the juice of the tender leaves. {Tea caddy}, a small box for holding tea. {Tea chest}, a small, square wooden case, usually lined with sheet lead or tin, in which tea is imported from China. {Tea clam} (Zo[94]l.), a small quahaug. [Local, U. S.] {Tea garden}, a public garden where tea and other refreshments are served. {Tea plant} (Bot.), any plant, the leaves of which are used in making a beverage by infusion; specifically, {Thea Chinensis}, from which the tea of commerce is obtained. {Tea rose} (Bot.), a delicate and graceful variety of the rose ({Rosa Indica}, var. {odorata}), introduced from China, and so named from its scent. Many varieties are now cultivated. {Tea service}, the appurtenances or utensils required for a tea table, -- when of silver, usually comprising only the teapot, milk pitcher, and sugar dish. {Tea set}, a tea service. {Tea table}, a table on which tea furniture is set, or at which tea is drunk. {Tea taster}, one who tests or ascertains the quality of tea by tasting. {Tea tree} (Bot.), the tea plant of China. See {Tea plant}, above. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
New \New\, a. [Compar. {Newer}; superl. {Newest}.] [OE. OE. newe, AS. niwe, neowe; akin to D. nieuw, OS. niwi, OHG. niuwi, G. neu, Icel. n[?]r, Dan. & Sw. ny, Goth. niujis, Lith. naujas, Russ. novuii, Ir. nua, nuadh, Gael. nuadh, W. newydd, Armor. nevez, L. novus, gr. [?], Skr. nava, and prob. to E. now. [root]263. See {Now}, and cf. {Announce}, {Innovate}, {Neophyte}, {Novel}.] 1. Having existed, or having been made, but a short time; having originated or occured lately; having recently come into existence, or into one's possession; not early or long in being; of late origin; recent; fresh; modern; -- opposed to {old}, as, a new coat; a new house; a new book; a new fashion. [bd]Your new wife.[b8] --Chaucer. 2. Not before seen or known, although existing before; lately manifested; recently discovered; as, a new metal; a new planet; new scenes. 3. Newly beginning or recurring; starting anew; now commencing; different from has been; as, a new year; a new course or direction. 4. As if lately begun or made; having the state or quality of original freshness; also, changed for the better; renovated; unworn; untried; unspent; as, rest and travel made him a new man. Steadfasty purposing to lead a new life. --Bk. of Com. Prayer. Men after long emaciating diets, fat, and almost new. --Bacon. 5. Not of ancient extraction, or of a family of ancient descent; not previously kniwn or famous. --Addison. 6. Not habituated; not familiar; unaccustomed. New to the plow, unpracticed in the trace. --Pope. 7. Fresh from anything; newly come. New from her sickness to that northern air. --Dryden. {New birth}. See under {Birth}. {New Church}, [or] {New Jerusalem Church}, the church holding the doctrines taught by Emanuel Swedenborg. See {Swedenborgian}. {New heart} (Theol.), a heart or character changed by the power of God, so as to be governed by new and holy motives. {New land}, land ckeared and cultivated for the first time. {New light}. (Zo[94]l.) See {Crappie}. {New moon}. (a) The moon in its first quarter, or when it first appears after being invisible. (b) The day when the new moon is first seen; the first day of the lunar month, which was a holy day among the Jews. --2 Kings iv. 23. {New Red Sandstone} (Geol.), an old name for the formation immediately above the coal measures or strata, now divided into the Permian and Trias. See {Sandstone}. {New style}. See {Style}. {New testament}. See under {Testament}. {New world}, the land of the Western Hemisphere; -- so called because not known to the inhabitants of the Eastern Hemisphere until recent times. Syn: Novel; recent; fresh; modern. See {Novel}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Nicaragua wood \Nic`a*ra"gua wood`\ Brazil wood. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Nigrescent \Ni*gres"cent\, a. [L. nigrescens, p. pr. of nigrescere to grow black, fr. niger black. See {Negro}.] Growing black; changing to a black color; approaching to blackness. --Johnson. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Nigrosine \Ni"gro*sine\ (? [or] ?), n. [From L. niger black.] (Chem.) A dark blue dyestuff, of the induline group; -- called also {azodiphenyl blue}. | |
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
Noah \No"ah\, n. [Heb. N[omac]akh rest.] A patriarch of Biblical history, in the time of the Deluge. {Noah's ark}. (a) (Zo[94]l.) A marine bivalve shell ({Arca No[91]}), which somewhat resembles an ark, or ship, in form. (b) A child's toy, consisting of an ark-shaped box containing many different wooden animals. | |
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]: | |
New Church, VA Zip code(s): 23415 | |
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]: | |
New Creek, WV Zip code(s): 26743 | |
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]: | |
Newkirk, NM Zip code(s): 88431 Newkirk, OK (city, FIPS 51300) Location: 36.88171 N, 97.05542 W Population (1990): 2168 (1075 housing units) Area: 3.4 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water) | |
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]: | |
Niagara County, NY (county, FIPS 63) Location: 43.32387 N, 78.79392 W Population (1990): 220756 (90385 housing units) Area: 1354.5 sq km (land), 1597.8 sq km (water) | |
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]: | |
Nickerson, KS (city, FIPS 50525) Location: 38.14771 N, 98.08673 W Population (1990): 1137 (470 housing units) Area: 3.5 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water) Zip code(s): 67561 Nickerson, NE (village, FIPS 34300) Location: 41.53504 N, 96.47050 W Population (1990): 291 (120 housing units) Area: 1.0 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water) Zip code(s): 68044 | |
From Jargon File (4.2.0, 31 JAN 2000) [jargon]: | |
New Jersey adj. [primarily Stanford/Silicon Valley] Brain-damaged or of poor design. This refers to the allegedly wretched quality of such software as C, C++, and Unix (which originated at Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey). "This compiler bites the bag, but what can you expect from a compiler designed in New Jersey?" Compare {Berkeley Quality Software}. See also {Unix conspiracy}. | |
From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]: | |
NCR Corporation server market. NCR was founded 1884 as National Cash Register Company. It joint the computer industry in th 1950s. In 1991 it was absorbed by {AT&T} (see {dinosaurs mating}), only to be spat out again in 1996. NCR {mainframes} of the 1960's are remembered by some for their hardware incompatibility with {IBM} mainframes: NCR punched round holes in their {punched cards} while IBM punched rectangular ones. The codes and machines were not compatible and information could not be easily shared between NCR and IBM customers. {(http://www.ncr.com/)}. (1997-03-10) | |
From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]: | |
New Jersey [Primarily Stanford/Silicon Valley] Brain-damaged or of poor design. This refers to the allegedly wretched quality of such software as {C}, {C++} and {Unix} (which originated at {Bell Labs} in Murray Hill, New Jersey). "This compiler bites the bag, but what can you expect from a compiler designed in New Jersey?" Compare {Berkeley Quality Software}. See also {Unix conspiracy}. | |
From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]: | |
.newsrc {Unix} {rn} {news reader}. See also {rc}. (1996-04-09) | |
From Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary [easton]: | |
Nisroch probably connected with the Hebrew word _nesher_, an eagle. An Assyrian god, supposed to be that represented with the head of an eagle. Sennacherib was killed in the temple of this idol (2 Kings 19:37; Isa. 37:38). | |
From Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary (late 1800's) [hitchcock]: | |
Nisroch, flight; proof; temptation; delicate | |
From The CIA World Factbook (1995) [world95]: | |
Nicaragua Nicaragua:Geography Location: Middle America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Costa Rica and Honduras Map references: Central America and the Caribbean Area: total area: 129,494 sq km land area: 120,254 sq km comparative area: slightly larger than New York State Land boundaries: total 1,231 km, Costa Rica 309 km, Honduras 922 km Coastline: 910 km Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 25-nm security zone continental shelf: natural prolongation territorial sea: 200 nm International disputes: territorial disputes with Colombia over the Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank; with respect to the maritime boundary question in the Golfo de Fonseca, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) referred the disputants to an earlier agreement in this century and advised that some tripartite resolution among El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua likely would be required Climate: tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands Terrain: extensive Atlantic coastal plains rising to central interior mountains; narrow Pacific coastal plain interrupted by volcanoes Natural resources: gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, fish Land use: arable land: 9% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 43% forest and woodland: 35% other: 12% Irrigated land: 850 sq km (1989 est.) Environment: current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution natural hazards: destructive earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, and occasionally severe hurricanes international agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea Nicaragua:People Population: 4,206,353 (July 1995 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 44% (female 921,356; male 930,594) 15-64 years: 53% (female 1,146,485; male 1,097,811) 65 years and over: 3% (female 62,607; male 47,500) (July 1995 est.) Population growth rate: 2.61% (1995 est.) Birth rate: 33.73 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) Death rate: 6.45 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) Net migration rate: -1.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) Infant mortality rate: 50.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 64.54 years male: 61.67 years female: 67.53 years (1995 est.) Total fertility rate: 4.17 children born/woman (1995 est.) Nationality: noun: Nicaraguan(s) adjective: Nicaraguan Ethnic divisions: mestizo (mixed Amerindian and Caucasian) 69%, white 17%, black 9%, Indian 5% Religions: Roman Catholic 95%, Protestant 5% Languages: Spanish (official) note: English- and Indian-speaking minorities on Atlantic coast Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1971) total population: 57% male: 57% female: 57% Labor force: 1.086 million by occupation: services 43%, agriculture 44%, industry 13% (1986) Nicaragua:Government Names: conventional long form: Republic of Nicaragua conventional short form: Nicaragua local long form: Republica de Nicaragua local short form: Nicaragua Digraph: NU Type: republic Capital: Managua Administrative divisions: 16 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Boaco, Carazo, Chinandega, Chontales, Esteli, Granada, Jinotega, Leon, Madriz, Managua, Masaya, Matagalpa, Nueva Segovia, Rio San Juan, Rivas, Zelaya Independence: 15 September 1821 (from Spain) National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September (1821) Constitution: 9 January 1987 Legal system: civil law system; Supreme Court may review administrative acts Suffrage: 16 years of age; universal Executive branch: chief of state and head of government: President Violeta Barrios de CHAMORRO (since 25 April 1990); Vice President Virgilio GODOY Reyes (since 25 April 1990); election last held 25 February 1990 (next to be held November 1996); results - Violeta Barrios de CHAMORRO (UNO) 54.7%, Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra (FSLN) 40.8%, other 4.5% cabinet: Cabinet Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Asamblea Nacional): elections last held 25 February 1990 (next to be held November 1996); results - UNO 53.9%, FSLN 40.8%, PSC 1.6%, MUR 1.0%; seats - (92 total) UNO 41, FSLN 39, "Centrist" (Dissident UNO) 12 Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) Political parties and leaders: far right: Liberal Constitutionalist Party* (PLC), Arnold ALEMAN; Conservative Popular Alliance Party (APC), Myriam ARGUELLO; Central American Unionist Party (PUCA), Blanca ROJAS Echaverry; Independent Liberal Party for National Unity (PLUIN), Alfonso MOCADO Guillen; Conservative Party of Nicaragua (PCN - formed in 1992 by the merger of the Conservative Social Party (PSC) with the Democratic Conservative Party (PCD) and PCL, the Conservative party of Labor), Fernando AGUERO; National Justice Party (PJN), Jorge DIAZ Cruz; National Conservative Party* (PNC), Adolfo CALERO center right: Neoliberal Party* (PALI), Adolfo GARCIA Esquivel; National Action Party* (PAN), Delvis MONTIEL; Independent Liberal Party* (PLI), Wilfredo NAVARRO center left: Christian Democratic Union (UDC), Luis Humberto GUZMAN; Nicaraguan Democratic Movement (MDN), Roberto URROZ; Social Democratic Party (PSD), Adolfo JARQUIN; Movement of Revolutionary Unity (MUR), Pablo HERNANDEZ; Sandinista Renovation Movement (MRS), Sergio RAMIREZ; Democratic Action Movement (MAD), Eden PASTORA; Communist Party of Nicaragua* (PCdeN), Eli ALTIMIRANO Perez far left: Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), Daniel ORTEGA; Revolutionary Workers' Party (PRT), Bonifacio MIRANDA; Popular Action Movement-Marxist-Leninist (MAP-ML), Isidro TELLEZ; Nicaraguan Socialist Party (PSN), Gustavo TABLADA; Unidad Nicaraguense de Obreros, Campesinos, y Profesionales (UNOCP), Rosalio GONZALEZ Urbina note: parties marked with an asterisk belong to the National Opposition Union (UNO), an alliance of moderate parties, which, however, does not always follow a unified political agenda Other political or pressure groups: National Workers Front (FNT) is a Sandinista umbrella group of eight labor unions: Sandinista Workers' Central (CST); Farm Workers Association (ATC); Health Workers Federation (FETASALUD); National Union of Employees (UNE); National Association of Educators of Nicaragua (ANDEN); Union of Journalists of Nicaragua (UPN); Heroes and Martyrs Confederation of Professional Associations (CONAPRO); and the National Union of Farmers and Ranchers (UNAG); Permanent Congress of Workers (CPT) is an umbrella group of four non-Sandinista labor unions: Confederation of Labor Unification (CUS); Autonomous Nicaraguan Workers' Central (CTN-A); Independent General Confederation of Labor (CGT-I); and Labor Action and Unity Central (CAUS); Nicaraguan Workers' Central (CTN) is an independent labor union; Superior Council of Private Enterprise (COSEP) is a confederation of business groups Member of: BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Roberto Genaro MAYORGA Cortes chancery: 1627 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 939-6570 consulate(s) general: Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador John F. MAISTO embassy: Kilometer 4.5 Carretera Sur., Managua mailing address: APO AA 34021 telephone: [505] (2) 666010, 666013, 666015 through 18, 666026, 666027, 666032 through 34 FAX: [505] (2) 666046 Flag: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on the top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band Economy Overview: Since March 1991, when President CHAMORRO began an ambitious economic stabilization program, Nicaragua has had considerable success in reducing inflation and obtaining substantial economic aid from abroad. Annual inflation fell from more than 750% in 1991 to less than 5% in 1992. Inflation rose again to an estimated 20% in 1993, although this increase was due almost entirely to a large currency devaluation in January. As of early 1994, the government was close to finalizing an enhanced structural adjustment facility with the IMF, after the previous standby facility expired in early 1993. Despite these successes, achieving overall economic growth in an economy scarred by misguided economic values and civil war during the 1980s has proved elusive. Economic growth was flat in 1992 and slightly negative in 1993. Nicaragua's per capita foreign debt is one of the highest in the world; nonetheless, as of late 1993, Nicaragua was current on its post-1988 debt as well as on payments to the international financial institutions. Definition of property rights remains a problem; ownership disputes over large tracts of land, businesses, and homes confiscated by the previous government have yet to be resolved. A rise in exports of coffee and other products led growth in 1994. National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $6.4 billion (1994 est.) National product real growth rate: 3.2% (1994 est.) National product per capita: $1,570 (1994 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 19.5% (1994 est.) Unemployment rate: 21.8%; underemployment 50% (1993) Budget: revenues: $375 million (1992) expenditures: $410 million (1992), including capital expenditures of $115 million (1991 est.) Exports: $329 million (f.o.b., 1994 est.) commodities: meat, coffee, cotton, sugar, seafood, gold, bananas partners: US, Central America, Canada, Germany Imports: $786 million (c.i.f., 1994 est.) commodities: consumer goods, machinery and equipment, petroleum products partners: Central America, US, Venezuela, Japan External debt: $11 billion (1993) Industrial production: growth rate -0.8% (1993 est.); accounts for 26% of GDP Electricity: capacity: 460,000 kW production: 1.6 billion kWh consumption per capita: 376 kWh (1993) Industries: food processing, chemicals, metal products, textiles, clothing, petroleum refining and distribution, beverages, footwear Agriculture: crops account for about 15% of GDP; export crops - coffee, bananas, sugarcane, cotton; food crops - rice, corn, cassava, citrus fruit, beans; also produces a variety of animal products - beef, veal, pork, poultry, dairy products; normally self-sufficient in food Illicit drugs: transshipment point for cocaine destined for the US Economic aid: recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-92), $620 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.381 billion Currency: 1 gold cordoba (C$) = 100 centavos Exchange rates: gold cordobas (C$) per US$1 - 7.08 (December 1994), 6.72 (1994), 5.62 (1993), 5.00 (1992); note - gold cordoba replaced cordoba as Nicaragua's currency in 1991 (exchange rate of old cordoba had reached per US$1 - 25,000,000 by March 1992) Fiscal year: calendar year Nicaragua:Transportation Railroads: total: 376 km; note - majority of system is nonoperational standard gauge: 3 km 1.435-m gauge line at Puerto Cabezas; note - does not connect with mainline narrow gauge: 373 km 1.067-m gauge Highways: total: 15,286 km paved: 1,598 km unpaved: 13,688 km note: there is a 368.5 km portion of the Pan-American Highway which is not in the total Inland waterways: 2,220 km, including 2 large lakes Pipelines: crude oil 56 km Ports: Bluefields, Corinto, El Bluff, Puerto Cabezas, Puerto Sandino, Rama, San Juan del Sur Merchant marine: none Airports: total: 198 with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 with paved runways under 914 m: 149 with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 2 with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 39 Nicaragua:Communications Telephone system: 60,000 telephones; low-capacity radio relay and wire system being expanded; connection into Central American Microwave System local: NA intercity: wire and radio relay international: 1 Intersputnik and 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station Radio: broadcast stations: AM 45, FM 0, shortwave 3 radios: NA Television: broadcast stations: 7 televisions: NA Nicaragua:Defense Forces Branches: Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force note: total strength of all branches - 14,500 Manpower availability: males age 15-49 982,345; males fit for military service 604,721; males reach military age (18) annually 47,064 (1995 est.) Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $32 million, 1.7% of GDP (1994), 8.1% of government budget |