Dictionary De - En
De - Es
De - Pt| English Dictionary: naturalize | by the DICT Development Group |
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| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Natrolite \Na"tro*lite\ (?; 277), n. [Natron + -lite: cf. F. natrolithe.] (Min.) A zeolite occuring in groups of glassy acicular crystals, and in masses which often have a radiated structure. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and soda. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Natural \Nat"u*ral\ (?; 135), a. [OE. naturel, F. naturel, fr. L. naturalis, fr. natura. See {Nature}.] 1. Fixed or determined by nature; pertaining to the constitution of a thing; belonging to native character; according to nature; essential; characteristic; not artifical, foreign, assumed, put on, or acquired; as, the natural growth of animals or plants; the natural motion of a gravitating body; natural strength or disposition; the natural heat of the body; natural color. With strong natural sense, and rare force of will. --Macaulay. 2. Conformed to the order, laws, or actual facts, of nature; consonant to the methods of nature; according to the stated course of things, or in accordance with the laws which govern events, feelings, etc.; not exceptional or violent; legitimate; normal; regular; as, the natural consequence of crime; a natural death. What can be more natural than the circumstances in the behavior of those women who had lost their husbands on this fatal day? --Addison. 3. Having to do with existing system to things; dealing with, or derived from, the creation, or the world of matter and mind, as known by man; within the scope of human reason or experience; not supernatural; as, a natural law; natural science; history, theology. I call that natural religion which men might know . . . by the mere principles of reason, improved by consideration and experience, without the help of revelation. --Bp. Wilkins. 4. Conformed to truth or reality; as: (a) Springing from true sentiment; not artifical or exaggerated; -- said of action, delivery, etc.; as, a natural gesture, tone, etc. (b) Resembling the object imitated; true to nature; according to the life; -- said of anything copied or imitated; as, a portrait is natural. 5. Having the character or sentiments properly belonging to one's position; not unnatural in feelings. To leave his wife, to leave his babes, . . . He wants the natural touch. --Shak. 6. Connected by the ties of consanguinity. [bd]Natural friends.[b8] --J. H. Newman. 7. Begotten without the sanction of law; born out of wedlock; illegitimate; bastard; as, a natural child. 8. Of or pertaining to the lower or animal nature, as contrasted with the higher or moral powers, or that which is spiritual; being in a state of nature; unregenerate. The natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God. --1 Cor. ii. 14. 9. (Math.) Belonging to, to be taken in, or referred to, some system, in which the base is 1; -- said or certain functions or numbers; as, natural numbers, those commencing at 1; natural sines, cosines, etc., those taken in arcs whose radii are 1. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Natural \Nat"u*ral\ (?; 135), n. 1. A native; an aboriginal. [Obs.] --Sir W. Raleigh. 2. pl. Natural gifts, impulses, etc. [Obs.] --Fuller. 3. One born without the usual powers of reason or understanding; an idiot. [bd]The minds of naturals.[b8] --Locke. 4. (Mus.) A character [[natural]] used to contradict, or to remove the effect of, a sharp or flat which has preceded it, and to restore the unaltered note. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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10. (Mus.) (a) Produced by natural organs, as those of the human throat, in distinction from instrumental music. (b) Of or pertaining to a key which has neither a flat nor a sharp for its signature, as the key of C major. (c) Applied to an air or modulation of harmony which moves by easy and smooth transitions, digressing but little from the original key. --Moore (Encyc. of Music). {Natural day}, the space of twenty-four hours. --Chaucer. {Natural fats}, {Natural gas}, etc. See under {Fat}, {Gas}. etc. {Natural Harmony} (Mus.), the harmony of the triad or common chord. {Natural history}, in its broadest sense, a history or description of nature as a whole, incuding the sciences of {botany}, {zo[94]logy}, {geology}, {mineralogy}, {paleontology}, {chemistry}, and {physics}. In recent usage the term is often restricted to the sciences of botany and zo[94]logy collectively, and sometimes to the science of zoology alone. {Natural law}, that instinctive sense of justice and of right and wrong, which is native in mankind, as distinguished from specifically revealed divine law, and formulated human law. {Natural modulation} (Mus.), transition from one key to its relative keys. {Natural order}. (Nat. Hist.) See under {order}. {Natural person}. (Law) See under {person}, n. {Natural philosophy}, originally, the study of nature in general; in modern usage, that branch of physical science, commonly called {physics}, which treats of the phenomena and laws of matter and considers those effects only which are unaccompanied by any change of a chemical nature; -- contrasted with mental and moral philosophy. {Natural scale} (Mus.), a scale which is written without flats or sharps. Model would be a preferable term, as less likely to mislead, the so-called artificial scales (scales represented by the use of flats and sharps) being equally natural with the so-called natural scale {Natural science}, natural history, in its broadest sense; -- used especially in contradistinction to mental or moral science. {Natural selection} (Biol.), a supposed operation of natural laws analogous, in its operation and results, to designed selection in breeding plants and animals, and resulting in the survival of the fittest. The theory of natural selection supposes that this has been brought about mainly by gradual changes of environment which have led to corresponding changes of structure, and that those forms which have become so modified as to be best adapted to the changed environment have tended to survive and leave similarly adapted descendants, while those less perfectly adapted have tended to die out though lack of fitness for the environment, thus resulting in the survival of the fittest. See {Darwinism}. {Natural system} (Bot. & Zo[94]l.), a classification based upon real affinities, as shown in the structure of all parts of the organisms, and by their embryology. It should be borne in mind that the natural system of botany is natural only in the constitution of its genera, tribes, orders, etc., and in its grand divisions. --Gray. {Natural theology}, [or] {Natural religion}, that part of theological science which treats of those evidences of the existence and attributes of the Supreme Being which are exhibited in nature; -- distinguished from revealed religion. See Quotation under {Natural}, a., 3. {Natural vowel}, the vowel sound heard in urn, furl, sir, her, etc.; -- so called as being uttered in the easiest open position of the mouth organs. See {Neutral vowel}, under {Neutral} and Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17. Syn: See {Native}. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Draught \Draught\, n. [The same as draft, the spelling with gh indicating an older pronunciation. See {Draft}, n., {Draw}.] 1. The act of drawing or pulling; as: (a) The act of moving loads by drawing, as by beasts of burden, and the like. A general custom of using oxen for all sort of draught would be, perhaps, the greatest improvement. --Sir W. Temple. (b) The drawing of a bowstring. [Obs.] She sent an arrow forth with mighty draught. --Spenser. (c) Act of drawing a net; a sweeping the water for fish. Upon the draught of a pond, not one fish was left. --Sir M. Hale. (d) The act of drawing liquor into the mouth and throat; the act of drinking. In his hands he took the goblet, but a while the draught forbore. --Trench. (e) A sudden attack or drawing upon an enemy. [Obs.] By drawing sudden draughts upon the enemy when he looketh not for you. --Spenser. (f) (Mil.) The act of selecting or detaching soldiers; a draft (see {Draft}, n., 2) (g) The act of drawing up, marking out, or delineating; representation. --Dryden. 2. That which is drawn; as: (a) That which is taken by sweeping with a net. Launch out into the deep, and let down your nets for a draught. --Luke v. 4. He laid down his pipe, and cast his net, which brought him a very great draught. --L'Estrange. (b) (Mil.) The force drawn; a detachment; -- in this sense usually written draft. (c) The quantity drawn in at once in drinking; a potion or potation. Disguise thyself as thou wilt, still, Slavery, . . . still thou art a bitter draught. --Sterne. Low lies that house where nut-brown draughts inspired. --Goldsmith. (d) A sketch, outline, or representation, whether written, designed, or drawn; a delineation. A draught of a Toleration Act was offered to the Parliament by a private member. --Macaulay. No picture or draught of these things from the report of the eye. --South. (e) (Com.) An order for the payment of money; -- in this sense almost always written draft. (f) A current of air moving through an inclosed place, as through a room or up a chimney. --Thackeray. He preferred to go and sit upon the stairs, in . . . a strong draught of air, until he was again sent for. --Dickens. 3. That which draws; as: (a) A team of oxen or horses. --Blackstone. (b) A sink or drain; a privy. --Shak. --Matt. xv. 17. (c) pl. (Med.) A mild vesicatory; a sinapism; as, to apply draughts to the feet. 4. Capacity of being drawn; force necessary to draw; traction. The Hertfordshire wheel plow . . . is of the easiest draught. --Mortimer. 5. (Naut.) The depth of water necessary to float a ship, or the depth a ship sinks in water, especially when laden; as, a ship of twelve feet draught. 6. (Com.) An allowance on weighable goods. [Eng.] See {Draft}, 4. 7. A move, as at chess or checkers. [Obs.] --Chaucer. 8. The bevel given to the pattern for a casting, in order that it may be drawn from the sand without injury to the mold. 9. (Masonry) See {Draft}, n., 7. {Angle of draught}, the angle made with the plane over which a body is drawn by the line in which the pulling force acts, when the latter has the direction best adapted to overcome the obstacles of friction and the weight of the body. {Black draught}. See under {Black}, a. {Blast draught}, [or] {Forced draught}, the draught produced by a blower, as by blowing in air beneath a fire or drawing out the gases from above it. {Natural draught}, the draught produced by the atmosphere flowing, by its own weight, into a chimney wherein the air is rarefied by heat. {On draught}, so as to be drawn from the wood (as a cask, barrel, etc.) in distinction from being bottled; as, ale on draught. {Sheer draught}. See under {Sheer}. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Father \Fa"ther\, n. [OE. fader, AS. f[91]der; akin to OS. fadar, D. vader, OHG. fatar, G. vater, Icel. Fa[?]ir Sw. & Dan. fader, OIr. athir, L. pater, Gr. [?][?][?][?][?], Skr. pitr, perh. fr. Skr. p[be] protect. [?][?][?],[?][?][?]. Cf. {Papa}, {Paternal}, {Patriot}, {Potential}, {Pablum}.] 1. One who has begotten a child, whether son or daughter; a generator; a male parent. A wise son maketh a glad father. --Prov. x. 1. 2. A male ancestor more remote than a parent; a progenitor; especially, a first ancestor; a founder of a race or family; -- in the plural, fathers, ancestors. David slept with his fathers. --1 Kings ii. 10. Abraham, who is the father of us all. --Rom. iv. 16. 3. One who performs the offices of a parent by maintenance, affetionate care, counsel, or protection. I was a father to the poor. --Job xxix. 16. He hath made me a father to Pharaoh, and lord of all his house. --Gen. xiv. 8. 4. A respectful mode of address to an old man. And Joash the king og Israel came down unto him [Elisha], . . . and said, O my father, my father! --2 Kings xiii. 14. 5. A senator of ancient Rome. 6. A dignitary of the church, a superior of a convent, a confessor (called also {father confessor}), or a priest; also, the eldest member of a profession, or of a legislative assembly, etc. Bless you, good father friar ! --Shak. 7. One of the chief esslesiastical authorities of the first centuries after Christ; -- often spoken of collectively as the Fathers; as, the Latin, Greek, or apostolic Fathers. 8. One who, or that which, gives origin; an originator; a producer, author, or contriver; the first to practice any art, profession, or occupation; a distinguished example or teacher. The father of all such as handle the harp and organ. --Gen. iv. 21. Might be the father, Harry, to that thought. --Shak. The father of good news. --Shak. 9. The Supreme Being and Creator; God; in theology, the first person in the Trinity. Our Father, which art in heaven. --Matt. vi. 9. Now had the almighty Father from above . . . Bent down his eye. --Milton. {Adoptive father}, one who adopts the child of another, treating it as his own. {Apostolic father}, {Conscript fathers, etc.} See under {Apostolic}, {Conscript}, etc. {Father in God}, a title given to bishops. {Father of lies}, the Devil. {Father of the bar}, the oldest practitioner at the bar. {Fathers of the city}, the aldermen. {Father of the Faithful}. (a) Abraham. --Rom. iv. --Gal. iii. 6-9. (b) Mohammed, or one of the sultans, his successors. {Father of the house}, the member of a legislative body who has had the longest continuous service. {Most Reverend Father in God}, a title given to archbishops and metropolitans, as to the archbishops of Canterbury and York. {Natural father}, the father of an illegitimate child. {Putative father}, one who is presumed to be the father of an illegitimate child; the supposed father. {Spiritual father}. (a) A religious teacher or guide, esp. one instrumental in leading a soul to God. (b) (R. C. Ch.) A priest who hears confession in the sacrament of penance. {The Holy Father} (R. C. Ch.), the pope. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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10. (Mus.) (a) Produced by natural organs, as those of the human throat, in distinction from instrumental music. (b) Of or pertaining to a key which has neither a flat nor a sharp for its signature, as the key of C major. (c) Applied to an air or modulation of harmony which moves by easy and smooth transitions, digressing but little from the original key. --Moore (Encyc. of Music). {Natural day}, the space of twenty-four hours. --Chaucer. {Natural fats}, {Natural gas}, etc. See under {Fat}, {Gas}. etc. {Natural Harmony} (Mus.), the harmony of the triad or common chord. {Natural history}, in its broadest sense, a history or description of nature as a whole, incuding the sciences of {botany}, {zo[94]logy}, {geology}, {mineralogy}, {paleontology}, {chemistry}, and {physics}. In recent usage the term is often restricted to the sciences of botany and zo[94]logy collectively, and sometimes to the science of zoology alone. {Natural law}, that instinctive sense of justice and of right and wrong, which is native in mankind, as distinguished from specifically revealed divine law, and formulated human law. {Natural modulation} (Mus.), transition from one key to its relative keys. {Natural order}. (Nat. Hist.) See under {order}. {Natural person}. (Law) See under {person}, n. {Natural philosophy}, originally, the study of nature in general; in modern usage, that branch of physical science, commonly called {physics}, which treats of the phenomena and laws of matter and considers those effects only which are unaccompanied by any change of a chemical nature; -- contrasted with mental and moral philosophy. {Natural scale} (Mus.), a scale which is written without flats or sharps. Model would be a preferable term, as less likely to mislead, the so-called artificial scales (scales represented by the use of flats and sharps) being equally natural with the so-called natural scale {Natural science}, natural history, in its broadest sense; -- used especially in contradistinction to mental or moral science. {Natural selection} (Biol.), a supposed operation of natural laws analogous, in its operation and results, to designed selection in breeding plants and animals, and resulting in the survival of the fittest. The theory of natural selection supposes that this has been brought about mainly by gradual changes of environment which have led to corresponding changes of structure, and that those forms which have become so modified as to be best adapted to the changed environment have tended to survive and leave similarly adapted descendants, while those less perfectly adapted have tended to die out though lack of fitness for the environment, thus resulting in the survival of the fittest. See {Darwinism}. {Natural system} (Bot. & Zo[94]l.), a classification based upon real affinities, as shown in the structure of all parts of the organisms, and by their embryology. It should be borne in mind that the natural system of botany is natural only in the constitution of its genera, tribes, orders, etc., and in its grand divisions. --Gray. {Natural theology}, [or] {Natural religion}, that part of theological science which treats of those evidences of the existence and attributes of the Supreme Being which are exhibited in nature; -- distinguished from revealed religion. See Quotation under {Natural}, a., 3. {Natural vowel}, the vowel sound heard in urn, furl, sir, her, etc.; -- so called as being uttered in the easiest open position of the mouth organs. See {Neutral vowel}, under {Neutral} and Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17. Syn: See {Native}. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Fat \Fat\, n. 1. (Physiol. Chem.) An oily liquid or greasy substance making up the main bulk of the adipose tissue of animals, and widely distributed in the seeds of plants. See {Adipose tissue}, under {Adipose}. Note: Animal fats are composed mainly of three distinct fats, tristearin, tripalmitin, and triolein, mixed in varying proportions. As olein is liquid at ordinary temperatures, while the other two fats are solid, it follows that the consistency or hardness of fats depends upon the relative proportion of the three individual fats. During the life of an animal, the fat is mainly in a liquid state in the fat cells, owing to the solubility of the two solid fats in the more liquid olein at the body temperature. Chemically, fats are composed of fatty acid, as stearic, palmitic, oleic, etc., united with glyceryl. In butter fat, olein and palmitin predominate, mixed with another fat characteristic of butter, butyrin. In the vegetable kingdom many other fats or glycerides are to be found, as myristin from nutmegs, a glyceride of lauric acid in the fat of the bay tree, etc. 2. The best or richest productions; the best part; as, to live on the fat of the land. 3. (Typog.) Work. containing much blank, or its equivalent, and, therefore, profitable to the compositor. {Fat acid}. (Chem.) See {Sebacic acid}, under {Sebacic}. {Fat series}, {Fatty series} (Chem.), the series of the paraffine hydrocarbons and their derivatives; the marsh gas or methane series. {Natural fats} (Chem.), the group of oily substances of natural occurrence, as butter, lard, tallow, etc., as distinguished from certain fatlike substance of artificial production, as paraffin. Most natural fats are essentially mixtures of triglycerides of fatty acids. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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10. (Mus.) (a) Produced by natural organs, as those of the human throat, in distinction from instrumental music. (b) Of or pertaining to a key which has neither a flat nor a sharp for its signature, as the key of C major. (c) Applied to an air or modulation of harmony which moves by easy and smooth transitions, digressing but little from the original key. --Moore (Encyc. of Music). {Natural day}, the space of twenty-four hours. --Chaucer. {Natural fats}, {Natural gas}, etc. See under {Fat}, {Gas}. etc. {Natural Harmony} (Mus.), the harmony of the triad or common chord. {Natural history}, in its broadest sense, a history or description of nature as a whole, incuding the sciences of {botany}, {zo[94]logy}, {geology}, {mineralogy}, {paleontology}, {chemistry}, and {physics}. In recent usage the term is often restricted to the sciences of botany and zo[94]logy collectively, and sometimes to the science of zoology alone. {Natural law}, that instinctive sense of justice and of right and wrong, which is native in mankind, as distinguished from specifically revealed divine law, and formulated human law. {Natural modulation} (Mus.), transition from one key to its relative keys. {Natural order}. (Nat. Hist.) See under {order}. {Natural person}. (Law) See under {person}, n. {Natural philosophy}, originally, the study of nature in general; in modern usage, that branch of physical science, commonly called {physics}, which treats of the phenomena and laws of matter and considers those effects only which are unaccompanied by any change of a chemical nature; -- contrasted with mental and moral philosophy. {Natural scale} (Mus.), a scale which is written without flats or sharps. Model would be a preferable term, as less likely to mislead, the so-called artificial scales (scales represented by the use of flats and sharps) being equally natural with the so-called natural scale {Natural science}, natural history, in its broadest sense; -- used especially in contradistinction to mental or moral science. {Natural selection} (Biol.), a supposed operation of natural laws analogous, in its operation and results, to designed selection in breeding plants and animals, and resulting in the survival of the fittest. The theory of natural selection supposes that this has been brought about mainly by gradual changes of environment which have led to corresponding changes of structure, and that those forms which have become so modified as to be best adapted to the changed environment have tended to survive and leave similarly adapted descendants, while those less perfectly adapted have tended to die out though lack of fitness for the environment, thus resulting in the survival of the fittest. See {Darwinism}. {Natural system} (Bot. & Zo[94]l.), a classification based upon real affinities, as shown in the structure of all parts of the organisms, and by their embryology. It should be borne in mind that the natural system of botany is natural only in the constitution of its genera, tribes, orders, etc., and in its grand divisions. --Gray. {Natural theology}, [or] {Natural religion}, that part of theological science which treats of those evidences of the existence and attributes of the Supreme Being which are exhibited in nature; -- distinguished from revealed religion. See Quotation under {Natural}, a., 3. {Natural vowel}, the vowel sound heard in urn, furl, sir, her, etc.; -- so called as being uttered in the easiest open position of the mouth organs. See {Neutral vowel}, under {Neutral} and Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17. Syn: See {Native}. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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{Gas fitter}, one who lays pipes and puts up fixtures for gas. {Gas fitting}. (a) The occupation of a gas fitter. (b) pl. The appliances needed for the introduction of gas into a building, as meters, pipes, burners, etc. {Gas fixture}, a device for conveying illuminating or combustible gas from the pipe to the gas-burner, consisting of an appendage of cast, wrought, or drawn metal, with tubes upon which the burners, keys, etc., are adjusted. {Gas generator}, an apparatus in which gas is evolved; as: (a) a retort in which volatile hydrocarbons are evolved by heat; (b) a machine in which air is saturated with the vapor of liquid hydrocarbon; a carburetor; (c) a machine for the production of carbonic acid gas, for a[89]rating water, bread, etc. --Knight. {Gas jet}, a flame of illuminating gas. {Gas machine}, an apparatus for carbureting air for use as illuminating gas. {Gas meter}, an instrument for recording the quantity of gas consumed in a given time, at a particular place. {Gas retort}, a retort which contains the coal and other materials, and in which the gas is generated, in the manufacture of gas. {Gas stove}, a stove for cooking or other purposes, heated by gas. {Gas tar}, coal tar. {Gas trap}, a drain trap; a sewer trap. See 4th {Trap}, 5. {Gas washer} (Gas Works), an apparatus within which gas from the condenser is brought in contact with a falling stream of water, to precipitate the tar remaining in it. --Knight. {Gas water}, water through which gas has been passed for purification; -- called also {gas liquor} and {ammoniacal water}, and used for the manufacture of sal ammoniac, carbonate of ammonia, and Prussian blue. --Tomlinson. {Gas well}, a deep boring, from which natural gas is discharged. --Raymond. {Gas works}, a manufactory of gas, with all the machinery and appurtenances; a place where gas is generated for lighting cities. {Laughing gas}. See under {Laughing}. {Marsh gas} (Chem.), a light, combustible, gaseous hydrocarbon, {CH4}, produced artificially by the dry distillation of many organic substances, and occurring as a natural product of decomposition in stagnant pools, whence its name. It is an abundant ingredient of ordinary illuminating gas, and is the first member of the paraffin series. Called also {methane}, and in coal mines, {fire damp}. {Natural gas}, gas obtained from wells, etc., in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and elsewhere, and largely used for fuel and illuminating purposes. It is chiefly derived from the Coal Measures. {Olefiant gas} (Chem.). See {Ethylene}. {Water gas} (Chem.), a kind of gas made by forcing steam over glowing coals, whereby there results a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. This gives a gas of intense heating power, but destitute of light-giving properties, and which is charged by passing through some volatile hydrocarbon, as gasoline. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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10. (Mus.) (a) Produced by natural organs, as those of the human throat, in distinction from instrumental music. (b) Of or pertaining to a key which has neither a flat nor a sharp for its signature, as the key of C major. (c) Applied to an air or modulation of harmony which moves by easy and smooth transitions, digressing but little from the original key. --Moore (Encyc. of Music). {Natural day}, the space of twenty-four hours. --Chaucer. {Natural fats}, {Natural gas}, etc. See under {Fat}, {Gas}. etc. {Natural Harmony} (Mus.), the harmony of the triad or common chord. {Natural history}, in its broadest sense, a history or description of nature as a whole, incuding the sciences of {botany}, {zo[94]logy}, {geology}, {mineralogy}, {paleontology}, {chemistry}, and {physics}. In recent usage the term is often restricted to the sciences of botany and zo[94]logy collectively, and sometimes to the science of zoology alone. {Natural law}, that instinctive sense of justice and of right and wrong, which is native in mankind, as distinguished from specifically revealed divine law, and formulated human law. {Natural modulation} (Mus.), transition from one key to its relative keys. {Natural order}. (Nat. Hist.) See under {order}. {Natural person}. (Law) See under {person}, n. {Natural philosophy}, originally, the study of nature in general; in modern usage, that branch of physical science, commonly called {physics}, which treats of the phenomena and laws of matter and considers those effects only which are unaccompanied by any change of a chemical nature; -- contrasted with mental and moral philosophy. {Natural scale} (Mus.), a scale which is written without flats or sharps. Model would be a preferable term, as less likely to mislead, the so-called artificial scales (scales represented by the use of flats and sharps) being equally natural with the so-called natural scale {Natural science}, natural history, in its broadest sense; -- used especially in contradistinction to mental or moral science. {Natural selection} (Biol.), a supposed operation of natural laws analogous, in its operation and results, to designed selection in breeding plants and animals, and resulting in the survival of the fittest. The theory of natural selection supposes that this has been brought about mainly by gradual changes of environment which have led to corresponding changes of structure, and that those forms which have become so modified as to be best adapted to the changed environment have tended to survive and leave similarly adapted descendants, while those less perfectly adapted have tended to die out though lack of fitness for the environment, thus resulting in the survival of the fittest. See {Darwinism}. {Natural system} (Bot. & Zo[94]l.), a classification based upon real affinities, as shown in the structure of all parts of the organisms, and by their embryology. It should be borne in mind that the natural system of botany is natural only in the constitution of its genera, tribes, orders, etc., and in its grand divisions. --Gray. {Natural theology}, [or] {Natural religion}, that part of theological science which treats of those evidences of the existence and attributes of the Supreme Being which are exhibited in nature; -- distinguished from revealed religion. See Quotation under {Natural}, a., 3. {Natural vowel}, the vowel sound heard in urn, furl, sir, her, etc.; -- so called as being uttered in the easiest open position of the mouth organs. See {Neutral vowel}, under {Neutral} and Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17. Syn: See {Native}. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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10. (Mus.) (a) Produced by natural organs, as those of the human throat, in distinction from instrumental music. (b) Of or pertaining to a key which has neither a flat nor a sharp for its signature, as the key of C major. (c) Applied to an air or modulation of harmony which moves by easy and smooth transitions, digressing but little from the original key. --Moore (Encyc. of Music). {Natural day}, the space of twenty-four hours. --Chaucer. {Natural fats}, {Natural gas}, etc. See under {Fat}, {Gas}. etc. {Natural Harmony} (Mus.), the harmony of the triad or common chord. {Natural history}, in its broadest sense, a history or description of nature as a whole, incuding the sciences of {botany}, {zo[94]logy}, {geology}, {mineralogy}, {paleontology}, {chemistry}, and {physics}. In recent usage the term is often restricted to the sciences of botany and zo[94]logy collectively, and sometimes to the science of zoology alone. {Natural law}, that instinctive sense of justice and of right and wrong, which is native in mankind, as distinguished from specifically revealed divine law, and formulated human law. {Natural modulation} (Mus.), transition from one key to its relative keys. {Natural order}. (Nat. Hist.) See under {order}. {Natural person}. (Law) See under {person}, n. {Natural philosophy}, originally, the study of nature in general; in modern usage, that branch of physical science, commonly called {physics}, which treats of the phenomena and laws of matter and considers those effects only which are unaccompanied by any change of a chemical nature; -- contrasted with mental and moral philosophy. {Natural scale} (Mus.), a scale which is written without flats or sharps. Model would be a preferable term, as less likely to mislead, the so-called artificial scales (scales represented by the use of flats and sharps) being equally natural with the so-called natural scale {Natural science}, natural history, in its broadest sense; -- used especially in contradistinction to mental or moral science. {Natural selection} (Biol.), a supposed operation of natural laws analogous, in its operation and results, to designed selection in breeding plants and animals, and resulting in the survival of the fittest. The theory of natural selection supposes that this has been brought about mainly by gradual changes of environment which have led to corresponding changes of structure, and that those forms which have become so modified as to be best adapted to the changed environment have tended to survive and leave similarly adapted descendants, while those less perfectly adapted have tended to die out though lack of fitness for the environment, thus resulting in the survival of the fittest. See {Darwinism}. {Natural system} (Bot. & Zo[94]l.), a classification based upon real affinities, as shown in the structure of all parts of the organisms, and by their embryology. It should be borne in mind that the natural system of botany is natural only in the constitution of its genera, tribes, orders, etc., and in its grand divisions. --Gray. {Natural theology}, [or] {Natural religion}, that part of theological science which treats of those evidences of the existence and attributes of the Supreme Being which are exhibited in nature; -- distinguished from revealed religion. See Quotation under {Natural}, a., 3. {Natural vowel}, the vowel sound heard in urn, furl, sir, her, etc.; -- so called as being uttered in the easiest open position of the mouth organs. See {Neutral vowel}, under {Neutral} and Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17. Syn: See {Native}. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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History \His"to*ry\, n.; pl. {Histories}. [L. historia, Gr. 'istori`a history, information, inquiry, fr. 'istwr, "istwr, knowing, learned, from the root of [?] to know; akin to E. wit. See {Wit}, and cf. {Story}.] 1. A learning or knowing by inquiry; the knowledge of facts and events, so obtained; hence, a formal statement of such information; a narrative; a description; a written record; as, the history of a patient's case; the history of a legislative bill. 2. A systematic, written account of events, particularly of those affecting a nation, institution, science, or art, and usually connected with a philosophical explanation of their causes; a true story, as distinguished from a romance; -- distinguished also from annals, which relate simply the facts and events of each year, in strict chronological order; from biography, which is the record of an individual's life; and from memoir, which is history composed from personal experience, observation, and memory. Histories are as perfect as the historian is wise, and is gifted with an eye and a soul. --Carlyle. For aught that I could ever read, Could ever hear by tale or history. --Shak. What histories of toil could I declare! --Pope. {History piece}, a representation in painting, drawing, etc., of any real event, including the actors and the action. {Natural history}, a description and classification of objects in nature, as minerals, plants, animals, etc., and the phenomena which they exhibit to the senses. Syn: Chronicle; annals; relation; narration. Usage: {History}, {Chronicle}, {Annals}. History is a methodical record of important events which concern a community of men, usually so arranged as to show the connection of causes and effects, to give an analysis of motive and action etc. A chronicle is a record of such events, conforming to the order of time as its distinctive feature. Annals are a chronicle divided up into separate years. By poetic license annals is sometimes used for history. Justly C[91]sar scorns the poet's lays; It is to history he trusts for praise. --Pope. No more yet of this; For 't is a chronicle of day by day, Not a relation for a breakfast. --Shak. Many glorious examples in the annals of our religion. --Rogers. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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10. (Mus.) (a) Produced by natural organs, as those of the human throat, in distinction from instrumental music. (b) Of or pertaining to a key which has neither a flat nor a sharp for its signature, as the key of C major. (c) Applied to an air or modulation of harmony which moves by easy and smooth transitions, digressing but little from the original key. --Moore (Encyc. of Music). {Natural day}, the space of twenty-four hours. --Chaucer. {Natural fats}, {Natural gas}, etc. See under {Fat}, {Gas}. etc. {Natural Harmony} (Mus.), the harmony of the triad or common chord. {Natural history}, in its broadest sense, a history or description of nature as a whole, incuding the sciences of {botany}, {zo[94]logy}, {geology}, {mineralogy}, {paleontology}, {chemistry}, and {physics}. In recent usage the term is often restricted to the sciences of botany and zo[94]logy collectively, and sometimes to the science of zoology alone. {Natural law}, that instinctive sense of justice and of right and wrong, which is native in mankind, as distinguished from specifically revealed divine law, and formulated human law. {Natural modulation} (Mus.), transition from one key to its relative keys. {Natural order}. (Nat. Hist.) See under {order}. {Natural person}. (Law) See under {person}, n. {Natural philosophy}, originally, the study of nature in general; in modern usage, that branch of physical science, commonly called {physics}, which treats of the phenomena and laws of matter and considers those effects only which are unaccompanied by any change of a chemical nature; -- contrasted with mental and moral philosophy. {Natural scale} (Mus.), a scale which is written without flats or sharps. Model would be a preferable term, as less likely to mislead, the so-called artificial scales (scales represented by the use of flats and sharps) being equally natural with the so-called natural scale {Natural science}, natural history, in its broadest sense; -- used especially in contradistinction to mental or moral science. {Natural selection} (Biol.), a supposed operation of natural laws analogous, in its operation and results, to designed selection in breeding plants and animals, and resulting in the survival of the fittest. The theory of natural selection supposes that this has been brought about mainly by gradual changes of environment which have led to corresponding changes of structure, and that those forms which have become so modified as to be best adapted to the changed environment have tended to survive and leave similarly adapted descendants, while those less perfectly adapted have tended to die out though lack of fitness for the environment, thus resulting in the survival of the fittest. See {Darwinism}. {Natural system} (Bot. & Zo[94]l.), a classification based upon real affinities, as shown in the structure of all parts of the organisms, and by their embryology. It should be borne in mind that the natural system of botany is natural only in the constitution of its genera, tribes, orders, etc., and in its grand divisions. --Gray. {Natural theology}, [or] {Natural religion}, that part of theological science which treats of those evidences of the existence and attributes of the Supreme Being which are exhibited in nature; -- distinguished from revealed religion. See Quotation under {Natural}, a., 3. {Natural vowel}, the vowel sound heard in urn, furl, sir, her, etc.; -- so called as being uttered in the easiest open position of the mouth organs. See {Neutral vowel}, under {Neutral} and Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17. Syn: See {Native}. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Magic \Mag"ic\, n. [OE. magique, L. magice, Gr. [?] (sc. [?]), fr. [?]. See {Magic}, a., and {Magi}.] A comprehensive name for all of the pretended arts which claim to produce effects by the assistance of supernatural beings, or departed spirits, or by a mastery of secret forces in nature attained by a study of occult science, including enchantment, conjuration, witchcraft, sorcery, necromancy, incantation, etc. An appearance made by some magic. --Chaucer. {Celestial magic}, a supposed supernatural power which gave to spirits a kind of dominion over the planets, and to the planets an influence over men. {Natural magic}, the art of employing the powers of nature to produce effects apparently supernatural. {Superstitious}, [or] {Geotic}, {magic}, the invocation of devils or demons, involving the supposition of some tacit or express agreement between them and human beings. Syn: Sorcery; witchcraft; necromancy; conjuration; enchantment. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Magnet \Mag"net\, n. [OE. magnete, OF. magnete, L. magnes, -etis, Gr. [?] [?] a magnet, metal that looked like silver, prop., Magnesian stone, fr. Gr. [?], a country in Thessaly. Cf. {Magnesia}, {Manganese}.] 1. The loadstone; a species of iron ore (the ferrosoferric or magnetic ore, {Fe3O4}) which has the property of attracting iron and some of its ores, and, when freely suspended, of pointing to the poles; -- called also {natural magnet}. Dinocrates began to make the arched roof of the temple of Arsino[89] all of magnet, or this loadstone. --Holland. Two magnets, heaven and earth, allure to bliss, The larger loadstone that, the nearer this. --Dryden. 2. (Physics) A bar or mass of steel or iron to which the peculiar properties of the loadstone have been imparted; -- called, in distinction from the loadstone, an {artificial magnet}. Note: An artificial magnet, produced by the action of a voltaic or electrical battery, is called an {electro-magnet}. {Field magnet} (Physics & Elec.), a magnet used for producing and maintaining a magnetic field; -- used especially of the stationary or exciting magnet of a dynamo or electromotor in distinction from that of the moving portion or armature. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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10. (Mus.) (a) Produced by natural organs, as those of the human throat, in distinction from instrumental music. (b) Of or pertaining to a key which has neither a flat nor a sharp for its signature, as the key of C major. (c) Applied to an air or modulation of harmony which moves by easy and smooth transitions, digressing but little from the original key. --Moore (Encyc. of Music). {Natural day}, the space of twenty-four hours. --Chaucer. {Natural fats}, {Natural gas}, etc. See under {Fat}, {Gas}. etc. {Natural Harmony} (Mus.), the harmony of the triad or common chord. {Natural history}, in its broadest sense, a history or description of nature as a whole, incuding the sciences of {botany}, {zo[94]logy}, {geology}, {mineralogy}, {paleontology}, {chemistry}, and {physics}. In recent usage the term is often restricted to the sciences of botany and zo[94]logy collectively, and sometimes to the science of zoology alone. {Natural law}, that instinctive sense of justice and of right and wrong, which is native in mankind, as distinguished from specifically revealed divine law, and formulated human law. {Natural modulation} (Mus.), transition from one key to its relative keys. {Natural order}. (Nat. Hist.) See under {order}. {Natural person}. (Law) See under {person}, n. {Natural philosophy}, originally, the study of nature in general; in modern usage, that branch of physical science, commonly called {physics}, which treats of the phenomena and laws of matter and considers those effects only which are unaccompanied by any change of a chemical nature; -- contrasted with mental and moral philosophy. {Natural scale} (Mus.), a scale which is written without flats or sharps. Model would be a preferable term, as less likely to mislead, the so-called artificial scales (scales represented by the use of flats and sharps) being equally natural with the so-called natural scale {Natural science}, natural history, in its broadest sense; -- used especially in contradistinction to mental or moral science. {Natural selection} (Biol.), a supposed operation of natural laws analogous, in its operation and results, to designed selection in breeding plants and animals, and resulting in the survival of the fittest. The theory of natural selection supposes that this has been brought about mainly by gradual changes of environment which have led to corresponding changes of structure, and that those forms which have become so modified as to be best adapted to the changed environment have tended to survive and leave similarly adapted descendants, while those less perfectly adapted have tended to die out though lack of fitness for the environment, thus resulting in the survival of the fittest. See {Darwinism}. {Natural system} (Bot. & Zo[94]l.), a classification based upon real affinities, as shown in the structure of all parts of the organisms, and by their embryology. It should be borne in mind that the natural system of botany is natural only in the constitution of its genera, tribes, orders, etc., and in its grand divisions. --Gray. {Natural theology}, [or] {Natural religion}, that part of theological science which treats of those evidences of the existence and attributes of the Supreme Being which are exhibited in nature; -- distinguished from revealed religion. See Quotation under {Natural}, a., 3. {Natural vowel}, the vowel sound heard in urn, furl, sir, her, etc.; -- so called as being uttered in the easiest open position of the mouth organs. See {Neutral vowel}, under {Neutral} and Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17. Syn: See {Native}. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Oil \Oil\ (oil), n. [OE. oile, OF. oile, F. huile, fr. L. oleum; akin to Gr. [?]. Cf. {Olive}.] Any one of a great variety of unctuous combustible substances, not miscible with water; as, olive oil, whale oil, rock oil, etc. They are of animal, vegetable, or mineral origin and of varied composition, and they are variously used for food, for solvents, for anointing, lubrication, illumination, etc. By extension, any substance of an oily consistency; as, oil of vitriol. Note: The mineral oils are varieties of petroleum. See {Petroleum}. The vegetable oils are of two classes, {essential oils} (see under {Essential}), and {natural oils} which in general resemble the animal oils and fats. Most of the natural oils and the animal oils and fats consist of ethereal salts of glycerin, with a large number of organic acids, principally stearic, oleic, and palmitic, forming respectively stearin, olein, and palmitin. Stearin and palmitin prevail in the solid oils and fats, and olein in the liquid oils. Mutton tallow, beef tallow, and lard are rich in stearin, human fat and palm oil in palmitin, and sperm and cod-liver oils in olein. In making soaps, the acids leave the glycerin and unite with the soda or potash. {Animal oil}, {Bone oil}, {Dipple's oil}, etc. (Old Chem.), a complex oil obtained by the distillation of animal substances, as bones. See {Bone oil}, under {Bone}. {Drying oils}, {Essential oils}. (Chem.) See under {Drying}, and {Essential}. {Ethereal oil of wine}, {Heavy oil of wine}. (Chem.) See under {Ethereal}. {Fixed oil}. (Chem.) See under {Fixed}. {Oil bag} (Zo[94]l.), a bag, cyst, or gland in animals, containing oil. {Oil beetle} (Zo[94]l.), any beetle of the genus {Meloe} and allied genera. When disturbed they emit from the joints of the legs a yellowish oily liquor. Some species possess vesicating properties, and are used instead of cantharides. {Oil box}, [or] {Oil cellar} (Mach.), a fixed box or reservoir, for lubricating a bearing; esp., the box for oil beneath the journal of a railway-car axle. {Oil cake}. See under {Cake}. {Oil cock}, a stopcock connected with an oil cup. See {Oil cup}. {Oil color}. (a) A paint made by grinding a coloring substance in oil. (b) Such paints, taken in a general sense. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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10. (Mus.) (a) Produced by natural organs, as those of the human throat, in distinction from instrumental music. (b) Of or pertaining to a key which has neither a flat nor a sharp for its signature, as the key of C major. (c) Applied to an air or modulation of harmony which moves by easy and smooth transitions, digressing but little from the original key. --Moore (Encyc. of Music). {Natural day}, the space of twenty-four hours. --Chaucer. {Natural fats}, {Natural gas}, etc. See under {Fat}, {Gas}. etc. {Natural Harmony} (Mus.), the harmony of the triad or common chord. {Natural history}, in its broadest sense, a history or description of nature as a whole, incuding the sciences of {botany}, {zo[94]logy}, {geology}, {mineralogy}, {paleontology}, {chemistry}, and {physics}. In recent usage the term is often restricted to the sciences of botany and zo[94]logy collectively, and sometimes to the science of zoology alone. {Natural law}, that instinctive sense of justice and of right and wrong, which is native in mankind, as distinguished from specifically revealed divine law, and formulated human law. {Natural modulation} (Mus.), transition from one key to its relative keys. {Natural order}. (Nat. Hist.) See under {order}. {Natural person}. (Law) See under {person}, n. {Natural philosophy}, originally, the study of nature in general; in modern usage, that branch of physical science, commonly called {physics}, which treats of the phenomena and laws of matter and considers those effects only which are unaccompanied by any change of a chemical nature; -- contrasted with mental and moral philosophy. {Natural scale} (Mus.), a scale which is written without flats or sharps. Model would be a preferable term, as less likely to mislead, the so-called artificial scales (scales represented by the use of flats and sharps) being equally natural with the so-called natural scale {Natural science}, natural history, in its broadest sense; -- used especially in contradistinction to mental or moral science. {Natural selection} (Biol.), a supposed operation of natural laws analogous, in its operation and results, to designed selection in breeding plants and animals, and resulting in the survival of the fittest. The theory of natural selection supposes that this has been brought about mainly by gradual changes of environment which have led to corresponding changes of structure, and that those forms which have become so modified as to be best adapted to the changed environment have tended to survive and leave similarly adapted descendants, while those less perfectly adapted have tended to die out though lack of fitness for the environment, thus resulting in the survival of the fittest. See {Darwinism}. {Natural system} (Bot. & Zo[94]l.), a classification based upon real affinities, as shown in the structure of all parts of the organisms, and by their embryology. It should be borne in mind that the natural system of botany is natural only in the constitution of its genera, tribes, orders, etc., and in its grand divisions. --Gray. {Natural theology}, [or] {Natural religion}, that part of theological science which treats of those evidences of the existence and attributes of the Supreme Being which are exhibited in nature; -- distinguished from revealed religion. See Quotation under {Natural}, a., 3. {Natural vowel}, the vowel sound heard in urn, furl, sir, her, etc.; -- so called as being uttered in the easiest open position of the mouth organs. See {Neutral vowel}, under {Neutral} and Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17. Syn: See {Native}. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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9. A body of persons having some common honorary distinction or rule of obligation; esp., a body of religious persons or aggregate of convents living under a common rule; as, the Order of the Bath; the Franciscan order. Find a barefoot brother out, One of our order, to associate me. --Shak. The venerable order of the Knights Templars. --Sir W. Scott. 10. An ecclesiastical grade or rank, as of deacon, priest, or bishop; the office of the Christian ministry; -- often used in the plural; as, to take orders, or to take holy orders, that is, to enter some grade of the ministry. 11. (Arch.) The disposition of a column and its component parts, and of the entablature resting upon it, in classical architecture; hence (as the column and entablature are the characteristic features of classical architecture) a style or manner of architectural designing. Note: The Greeks used three different orders, easy to distinguish, Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. The Romans added the Tuscan, and changed the Doric so that it is hardly recognizable, and also used a modified Corinthian called Composite. The Renaissance writers on architecture recognized five orders as orthodox or classical, -- Doric (the Roman sort), Ionic, Tuscan, Corinthian, and Composite. See Illust. of {Capital}. 12. (Nat. Hist.) An assemblage of genera having certain important characters in common; as, the Carnivora and Insectivora are orders of Mammalia. Note: The Linn[91]an artificial orders of plants rested mainly on identity in the numer of pistils, or agreement in some one character. Natural orders are groups of genera agreeing in the fundamental plan of their flowers and fruit. A natural order is usually (in botany) equivalent to a family, and may include several tribes. 13. (Rhet.) The placing of words and members in a sentence in such a manner as to contribute to force and beauty or clearness of expression. 14. (Math.) Rank; degree; thus, the order of a curve or surface is the same as the degree of its equation. {Artificial order} [or] {system}. See {Artificial classification}, under {Artificial}, and Note to def. 12 above. {Close order} (Mil.), the arrangement of the ranks with a distance of about half a pace between them; with a distance of about three yards the ranks are in {open order}. {The four Orders}, {The Orders four}, the four orders of mendicant friars. See {Friar}. --Chaucer. {General orders} (Mil.), orders issued which concern the whole command, or the troops generally, in distinction from special orders. {Holy orders}. (a) (Eccl.) The different grades of the Christian ministry; ordination to the ministry. See def. 10 above. (b) (R. C. Ch.) A sacrament for the purpose of conferring a special grace on those ordained. {In order to}, for the purpose of; to the end; as means to. The best knowledge is that which is of greatest use in order to our eternal happiness. --Tillotson. {Minor orders} (R. C. Ch.), orders beneath the diaconate in sacramental dignity, as acolyte, exorcist, reader, doorkeeper. {Money order}. See under {Money}. {Natural order}. (Bot.) See def. 12, Note. {Order book}. (a) A merchant's book in which orders are entered. (b) (Mil.) A book kept at headquarters, in which all orders are recorded for the information of officers and men. (c) A book in the House of Commons in which proposed orders must be entered. [Eng.] {Order in Council}, a royal order issued with and by the advice of the Privy Council. [Great Britain] {Order of battle} (Mil.), the particular disposition given to the troops of an army on the field of battle. {Order of the day}, in legislative bodies, the special business appointed for a specified day. {Order of a differential equation} (Math.), the greatest index of differentiation in the equation. {Sailing orders} (Naut.), the final instructions given to the commander of a ship of war before a cruise. {Sealed orders}, orders sealed, and not to be opened until a certain time, or arrival at a certain place, as after a ship is at sea. {Standing order}. (a) A continuing regulation for the conduct of parliamentary business. (b) (Mil.) An order not subject to change by an officer temporarily in command. {To give order}, to give command or directions. --Shak. {To take order for}, to take charge of; to make arrangements concerning. Whiles I take order for mine own affairs. --Shak. Syn: Arrangement; management. See {Direction}. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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10. (Mus.) (a) Produced by natural organs, as those of the human throat, in distinction from instrumental music. (b) Of or pertaining to a key which has neither a flat nor a sharp for its signature, as the key of C major. (c) Applied to an air or modulation of harmony which moves by easy and smooth transitions, digressing but little from the original key. --Moore (Encyc. of Music). {Natural day}, the space of twenty-four hours. --Chaucer. {Natural fats}, {Natural gas}, etc. See under {Fat}, {Gas}. etc. {Natural Harmony} (Mus.), the harmony of the triad or common chord. {Natural history}, in its broadest sense, a history or description of nature as a whole, incuding the sciences of {botany}, {zo[94]logy}, {geology}, {mineralogy}, {paleontology}, {chemistry}, and {physics}. In recent usage the term is often restricted to the sciences of botany and zo[94]logy collectively, and sometimes to the science of zoology alone. {Natural law}, that instinctive sense of justice and of right and wrong, which is native in mankind, as distinguished from specifically revealed divine law, and formulated human law. {Natural modulation} (Mus.), transition from one key to its relative keys. {Natural order}. (Nat. Hist.) See under {order}. {Natural person}. (Law) See under {person}, n. {Natural philosophy}, originally, the study of nature in general; in modern usage, that branch of physical science, commonly called {physics}, which treats of the phenomena and laws of matter and considers those effects only which are unaccompanied by any change of a chemical nature; -- contrasted with mental and moral philosophy. {Natural scale} (Mus.), a scale which is written without flats or sharps. Model would be a preferable term, as less likely to mislead, the so-called artificial scales (scales represented by the use of flats and sharps) being equally natural with the so-called natural scale {Natural science}, natural history, in its broadest sense; -- used especially in contradistinction to mental or moral science. {Natural selection} (Biol.), a supposed operation of natural laws analogous, in its operation and results, to designed selection in breeding plants and animals, and resulting in the survival of the fittest. The theory of natural selection supposes that this has been brought about mainly by gradual changes of environment which have led to corresponding changes of structure, and that those forms which have become so modified as to be best adapted to the changed environment have tended to survive and leave similarly adapted descendants, while those less perfectly adapted have tended to die out though lack of fitness for the environment, thus resulting in the survival of the fittest. See {Darwinism}. {Natural system} (Bot. & Zo[94]l.), a classification based upon real affinities, as shown in the structure of all parts of the organisms, and by their embryology. It should be borne in mind that the natural system of botany is natural only in the constitution of its genera, tribes, orders, etc., and in its grand divisions. --Gray. {Natural theology}, [or] {Natural religion}, that part of theological science which treats of those evidences of the existence and attributes of the Supreme Being which are exhibited in nature; -- distinguished from revealed religion. See Quotation under {Natural}, a., 3. {Natural vowel}, the vowel sound heard in urn, furl, sir, her, etc.; -- so called as being uttered in the easiest open position of the mouth organs. See {Neutral vowel}, under {Neutral} and Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17. Syn: See {Native}. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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{Natural person} (Law), a man, woman, or child, in distinction from a corporation. {In person}, by one's self; with bodily presence; not by representative. [bd]The king himself in person is set forth.[b8] --Shak. {In the person of}, in the place of; acting for. --Shak. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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10. (Mus.) (a) Produced by natural organs, as those of the human throat, in distinction from instrumental music. (b) Of or pertaining to a key which has neither a flat nor a sharp for its signature, as the key of C major. (c) Applied to an air or modulation of harmony which moves by easy and smooth transitions, digressing but little from the original key. --Moore (Encyc. of Music). {Natural day}, the space of twenty-four hours. --Chaucer. {Natural fats}, {Natural gas}, etc. See under {Fat}, {Gas}. etc. {Natural Harmony} (Mus.), the harmony of the triad or common chord. {Natural history}, in its broadest sense, a history or description of nature as a whole, incuding the sciences of {botany}, {zo[94]logy}, {geology}, {mineralogy}, {paleontology}, {chemistry}, and {physics}. In recent usage the term is often restricted to the sciences of botany and zo[94]logy collectively, and sometimes to the science of zoology alone. {Natural law}, that instinctive sense of justice and of right and wrong, which is native in mankind, as distinguished from specifically revealed divine law, and formulated human law. {Natural modulation} (Mus.), transition from one key to its relative keys. {Natural order}. (Nat. Hist.) See under {order}. {Natural person}. (Law) See under {person}, n. {Natural philosophy}, originally, the study of nature in general; in modern usage, that branch of physical science, commonly called {physics}, which treats of the phenomena and laws of matter and considers those effects only which are unaccompanied by any change of a chemical nature; -- contrasted with mental and moral philosophy. {Natural scale} (Mus.), a scale which is written without flats or sharps. Model would be a preferable term, as less likely to mislead, the so-called artificial scales (scales represented by the use of flats and sharps) being equally natural with the so-called natural scale {Natural science}, natural history, in its broadest sense; -- used especially in contradistinction to mental or moral science. {Natural selection} (Biol.), a supposed operation of natural laws analogous, in its operation and results, to designed selection in breeding plants and animals, and resulting in the survival of the fittest. The theory of natural selection supposes that this has been brought about mainly by gradual changes of environment which have led to corresponding changes of structure, and that those forms which have become so modified as to be best adapted to the changed environment have tended to survive and leave similarly adapted descendants, while those less perfectly adapted have tended to die out though lack of fitness for the environment, thus resulting in the survival of the fittest. See {Darwinism}. {Natural system} (Bot. & Zo[94]l.), a classification based upon real affinities, as shown in the structure of all parts of the organisms, and by their embryology. It should be borne in mind that the natural system of botany is natural only in the constitution of its genera, tribes, orders, etc., and in its grand divisions. --Gray. {Natural theology}, [or] {Natural religion}, that part of theological science which treats of those evidences of the existence and attributes of the Supreme Being which are exhibited in nature; -- distinguished from revealed religion. See Quotation under {Natural}, a., 3. {Natural vowel}, the vowel sound heard in urn, furl, sir, her, etc.; -- so called as being uttered in the easiest open position of the mouth organs. See {Neutral vowel}, under {Neutral} and Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17. Syn: See {Native}. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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10. (Mus.) (a) Produced by natural organs, as those of the human throat, in distinction from instrumental music. (b) Of or pertaining to a key which has neither a flat nor a sharp for its signature, as the key of C major. (c) Applied to an air or modulation of harmony which moves by easy and smooth transitions, digressing but little from the original key. --Moore (Encyc. of Music). {Natural day}, the space of twenty-four hours. --Chaucer. {Natural fats}, {Natural gas}, etc. See under {Fat}, {Gas}. etc. {Natural Harmony} (Mus.), the harmony of the triad or common chord. {Natural history}, in its broadest sense, a history or description of nature as a whole, incuding the sciences of {botany}, {zo[94]logy}, {geology}, {mineralogy}, {paleontology}, {chemistry}, and {physics}. In recent usage the term is often restricted to the sciences of botany and zo[94]logy collectively, and sometimes to the science of zoology alone. {Natural law}, that instinctive sense of justice and of right and wrong, which is native in mankind, as distinguished from specifically revealed divine law, and formulated human law. {Natural modulation} (Mus.), transition from one key to its relative keys. {Natural order}. (Nat. Hist.) See under {order}. {Natural person}. (Law) See under {person}, n. {Natural philosophy}, originally, the study of nature in general; in modern usage, that branch of physical science, commonly called {physics}, which treats of the phenomena and laws of matter and considers those effects only which are unaccompanied by any change of a chemical nature; -- contrasted with mental and moral philosophy. {Natural scale} (Mus.), a scale which is written without flats or sharps. Model would be a preferable term, as less likely to mislead, the so-called artificial scales (scales represented by the use of flats and sharps) being equally natural with the so-called natural scale {Natural science}, natural history, in its broadest sense; -- used especially in contradistinction to mental or moral science. {Natural selection} (Biol.), a supposed operation of natural laws analogous, in its operation and results, to designed selection in breeding plants and animals, and resulting in the survival of the fittest. The theory of natural selection supposes that this has been brought about mainly by gradual changes of environment which have led to corresponding changes of structure, and that those forms which have become so modified as to be best adapted to the changed environment have tended to survive and leave similarly adapted descendants, while those less perfectly adapted have tended to die out though lack of fitness for the environment, thus resulting in the survival of the fittest. See {Darwinism}. {Natural system} (Bot. & Zo[94]l.), a classification based upon real affinities, as shown in the structure of all parts of the organisms, and by their embryology. It should be borne in mind that the natural system of botany is natural only in the constitution of its genera, tribes, orders, etc., and in its grand divisions. --Gray. {Natural theology}, [or] {Natural religion}, that part of theological science which treats of those evidences of the existence and attributes of the Supreme Being which are exhibited in nature; -- distinguished from revealed religion. See Quotation under {Natural}, a., 3. {Natural vowel}, the vowel sound heard in urn, furl, sir, her, etc.; -- so called as being uttered in the easiest open position of the mouth organs. See {Neutral vowel}, under {Neutral} and Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17. Syn: See {Native}. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Religion \Re*li"gion\ (r[esl]*l[icr]j"[ucr]n), n. [F., from L. religio; cf. religens pious, revering the gods, Gr. 'ale`gein to heed, have a care. Cf. {Neglect}.] 1. The outward act or form by which men indicate their recognition of the existence of a god or of gods having power over their destiny, to whom obedience, service, and honor are due; the feeling or expression of human love, fear, or awe of some superhuman and overruling power, whether by profession of belief, by observance of rites and ceremonies, or by the conduct of life; a system of faith and worship; a manifestation of piety; as, ethical religions; monotheistic religions; natural religion; revealed religion; the religion of the Jews; the religion of idol worshipers. An orderly life so far as others are able to observe us is now and then produced by prudential motives or by dint of habit; but without seriousness there can be no religious principle at the bottom, no course of conduct from religious motives; in a word, there can be no religion. --Paley. Religion [was] not, as too often now, used as equivalent for godliness; but . . . it expressed the outer form and embodiment which the inward spirit of a true or a false devotion assumed. --Trench. Religions, by which are meant the modes of divine worship proper to different tribes, nations, or communities, and based on the belief held in common by the members of them severally. . . . There is no living religion without something like a doctrine. On the other hand, a doctrine, however elaborate, does not constitute a religion. --C. P. Tiele (Encyc. Brit.). Religion . . . means the conscious relation between man and God, and the expression of that relation in human conduct. --J. K[94]stlin (Schaff-Herzog Encyc.) After the most straitest sect of our religion I lived a Pharisee. --Acts xxvi. 5. The image of a brute, adorned With gay religions full of pomp and gold. --Milton. 2. Specifically, conformity in faith and life to the precepts inculcated in the Bible, respecting the conduct of life and duty toward God and man; the Christian faith and practice. Let us with caution indulge the supposition that morality can be maintained without religion. --Washington. Religion will attend you . . . as a pleasant and useful companion in every proper place, and every temperate occupation of life. --Buckminster. 3. (R. C. Ch.) A monastic or religious order subject to a regulated mode of life; the religious state; as, to enter religion. --Trench. A good man was there of religion. --Chaucer. 4. Strictness of fidelity in conforming to any practice, as if it were an enjoined rule of conduct. [R.] Those parts of pleading which in ancient times might perhaps be material, but at this time are become only mere styles and forms, are still continued with much religion. --Sir M. Hale. Note: Religion, as distinguished from theology, is subjective, designating the feelings and acts of men which relate to God; while theology is objective, and denotes those ideas which man entertains respecting the God whom he worships, especially his systematized views of God. As distinguished from morality, religion denotes the influences and motives to human duty which are found in the character and will of God, while morality describes the duties to man, to which true religion always influences. As distinguished from piety, religion is a high sense of moral obligation and spirit of reverence or worship which affect the heart of man with respect to the Deity, while piety, which first expressed the feelings of a child toward a parent, is used for that filial sentiment of veneration and love which we owe to the Father of all. As distinguished from sanctity, religion is the means by which sanctity is achieved, sanctity denoting primarily that purity of heart and life which results from habitual communion with God, and a sense of his continual presence. {Natural religion}, a religion based upon the evidences of a God and his qualities, which is supplied by natural phenomena. See {Natural theology}, under {Natural}. {Religion of humanity}, a name sometimes given to a religion founded upon positivism as a philosophical basis. {Revealed religion}, that which is based upon direct communication of God's will to mankind; especially, the Christian religion, based on the revelations recorded in the Old and New Testaments. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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10. (Mus.) (a) Produced by natural organs, as those of the human throat, in distinction from instrumental music. (b) Of or pertaining to a key which has neither a flat nor a sharp for its signature, as the key of C major. (c) Applied to an air or modulation of harmony which moves by easy and smooth transitions, digressing but little from the original key. --Moore (Encyc. of Music). {Natural day}, the space of twenty-four hours. --Chaucer. {Natural fats}, {Natural gas}, etc. See under {Fat}, {Gas}. etc. {Natural Harmony} (Mus.), the harmony of the triad or common chord. {Natural history}, in its broadest sense, a history or description of nature as a whole, incuding the sciences of {botany}, {zo[94]logy}, {geology}, {mineralogy}, {paleontology}, {chemistry}, and {physics}. In recent usage the term is often restricted to the sciences of botany and zo[94]logy collectively, and sometimes to the science of zoology alone. {Natural law}, that instinctive sense of justice and of right and wrong, which is native in mankind, as distinguished from specifically revealed divine law, and formulated human law. {Natural modulation} (Mus.), transition from one key to its relative keys. {Natural order}. (Nat. Hist.) See under {order}. {Natural person}. (Law) See under {person}, n. {Natural philosophy}, originally, the study of nature in general; in modern usage, that branch of physical science, commonly called {physics}, which treats of the phenomena and laws of matter and considers those effects only which are unaccompanied by any change of a chemical nature; -- contrasted with mental and moral philosophy. {Natural scale} (Mus.), a scale which is written without flats or sharps. Model would be a preferable term, as less likely to mislead, the so-called artificial scales (scales represented by the use of flats and sharps) being equally natural with the so-called natural scale {Natural science}, natural history, in its broadest sense; -- used especially in contradistinction to mental or moral science. {Natural selection} (Biol.), a supposed operation of natural laws analogous, in its operation and results, to designed selection in breeding plants and animals, and resulting in the survival of the fittest. The theory of natural selection supposes that this has been brought about mainly by gradual changes of environment which have led to corresponding changes of structure, and that those forms which have become so modified as to be best adapted to the changed environment have tended to survive and leave similarly adapted descendants, while those less perfectly adapted have tended to die out though lack of fitness for the environment, thus resulting in the survival of the fittest. See {Darwinism}. {Natural system} (Bot. & Zo[94]l.), a classification based upon real affinities, as shown in the structure of all parts of the organisms, and by their embryology. It should be borne in mind that the natural system of botany is natural only in the constitution of its genera, tribes, orders, etc., and in its grand divisions. --Gray. {Natural theology}, [or] {Natural religion}, that part of theological science which treats of those evidences of the existence and attributes of the Supreme Being which are exhibited in nature; -- distinguished from revealed religion. See Quotation under {Natural}, a., 3. {Natural vowel}, the vowel sound heard in urn, furl, sir, her, etc.; -- so called as being uttered in the easiest open position of the mouth organs. See {Neutral vowel}, under {Neutral} and Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17. Syn: See {Native}. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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10. (Mus.) (a) Produced by natural organs, as those of the human throat, in distinction from instrumental music. (b) Of or pertaining to a key which has neither a flat nor a sharp for its signature, as the key of C major. (c) Applied to an air or modulation of harmony which moves by easy and smooth transitions, digressing but little from the original key. --Moore (Encyc. of Music). {Natural day}, the space of twenty-four hours. --Chaucer. {Natural fats}, {Natural gas}, etc. See under {Fat}, {Gas}. etc. {Natural Harmony} (Mus.), the harmony of the triad or common chord. {Natural history}, in its broadest sense, a history or description of nature as a whole, incuding the sciences of {botany}, {zo[94]logy}, {geology}, {mineralogy}, {paleontology}, {chemistry}, and {physics}. In recent usage the term is often restricted to the sciences of botany and zo[94]logy collectively, and sometimes to the science of zoology alone. {Natural law}, that instinctive sense of justice and of right and wrong, which is native in mankind, as distinguished from specifically revealed divine law, and formulated human law. {Natural modulation} (Mus.), transition from one key to its relative keys. {Natural order}. (Nat. Hist.) See under {order}. {Natural person}. (Law) See under {person}, n. {Natural philosophy}, originally, the study of nature in general; in modern usage, that branch of physical science, commonly called {physics}, which treats of the phenomena and laws of matter and considers those effects only which are unaccompanied by any change of a chemical nature; -- contrasted with mental and moral philosophy. {Natural scale} (Mus.), a scale which is written without flats or sharps. Model would be a preferable term, as less likely to mislead, the so-called artificial scales (scales represented by the use of flats and sharps) being equally natural with the so-called natural scale {Natural science}, natural history, in its broadest sense; -- used especially in contradistinction to mental or moral science. {Natural selection} (Biol.), a supposed operation of natural laws analogous, in its operation and results, to designed selection in breeding plants and animals, and resulting in the survival of the fittest. The theory of natural selection supposes that this has been brought about mainly by gradual changes of environment which have led to corresponding changes of structure, and that those forms which have become so modified as to be best adapted to the changed environment have tended to survive and leave similarly adapted descendants, while those less perfectly adapted have tended to die out though lack of fitness for the environment, thus resulting in the survival of the fittest. See {Darwinism}. {Natural system} (Bot. & Zo[94]l.), a classification based upon real affinities, as shown in the structure of all parts of the organisms, and by their embryology. It should be borne in mind that the natural system of botany is natural only in the constitution of its genera, tribes, orders, etc., and in its grand divisions. --Gray. {Natural theology}, [or] {Natural religion}, that part of theological science which treats of those evidences of the existence and attributes of the Supreme Being which are exhibited in nature; -- distinguished from revealed religion. See Quotation under {Natural}, a., 3. {Natural vowel}, the vowel sound heard in urn, furl, sir, her, etc.; -- so called as being uttered in the easiest open position of the mouth organs. See {Neutral vowel}, under {Neutral} and Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17. Syn: See {Native}. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Science \Sci"ence\, n. [F., fr. L. scientia, fr. sciens, -entis, p. pr. of scire to know. Cf. {Conscience}, {Conscious}, {Nice}.] 1. Knowledge; knowledge of principles and causes; ascertained truth of facts. If we conceive God's sight or science, before the creation, to be extended to all and every part of the world, seeing everything as it is, . . . his science or sight from all eternity lays no necessity on anything to come to pass. --Hammond. Shakespeare's deep and accurate science in mental philosophy. --Coleridge. 2. Accumulated and established knowledge, which has been systematized and formulated with reference to the discovery of general truths or the operation of general laws; knowledge classified and made available in work, life, or the search for truth; comprehensive, profound, or philosophical knowledge. All this new science that men lere [teach]. --Chaucer. Science is . . . a complement of cognitions, having, in point of form, the character of logical perfection, and in point of matter, the character of real truth. --Sir W. Hamilton. 3. Especially, such knowledge when it relates to the physical world and its phenomena, the nature, constitution, and forces of matter, the qualities and functions of living tissues, etc.; -- called also {natural science}, and {physical science}. Voltaire hardly left a single corner of the field entirely unexplored in science, poetry, history, philosophy. --J. Morley. 4. Any branch or department of systematized knowledge considered as a distinct field of investigation or object of study; as, the science of astronomy, of chemistry, or of mind. Note: The ancients reckoned seven sciences, namely, grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy; -- the first three being included in the Trivium, the remaining four in the Quadrivium. Good sense, which only is the gift of Heaven, And though no science, fairly worth the seven. --Pope. 5. Art, skill, or expertness, regarded as the result of knowledge of laws and principles. His science, coolness, and great strength. --G. A. Lawrence. Note: Science is applied or pure. Applied science is a knowledge of facts, events, or phenomena, as explained, accounted for, or produced, by means of powers, causes, or laws. Pure science is the knowledge of these powers, causes, or laws, considered apart, or as pure from all applications. Both these terms have a similar and special signification when applied to the science of quantity; as, the applied and pure mathematics. Exact science is knowledge so systematized that prediction and verification, by measurement, experiment, observation, etc., are possible. The mathematical and physical sciences are called the exact sciences. {Comparative sciences}, {Inductive sciences}. See under {Comparative}, and {Inductive}. Syn: Literature; art; knowledge. Usage: {Science}, {Literature}, {Art}. Science is literally knowledge, but more usually denotes a systematic and orderly arrangement of knowledge. In a more distinctive sense, science embraces those branches of knowledge of which the subject-matter is either ultimate principles, or facts as explained by principles or laws thus arranged in natural order. The term literature sometimes denotes all compositions not embraced under science, but usually confined to the belles-lettres. [See {Literature}.] Art is that which depends on practice and skill in performance. [bd]In science, scimus ut sciamus; in art, scimus ut producamus. And, therefore, science and art may be said to be investigations of truth; but one, science, inquires for the sake of knowledge; the other, art, for the sake of production; and hence science is more concerned with the higher truths, art with the lower; and science never is engaged, as art is, in productive application. And the most perfect state of science, therefore, will be the most high and accurate inquiry; the perfection of art will be the most apt and efficient system of rules; art always throwing itself into the form of rules.[b8] --Karslake. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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10. (Mus.) (a) Produced by natural organs, as those of the human throat, in distinction from instrumental music. (b) Of or pertaining to a key which has neither a flat nor a sharp for its signature, as the key of C major. (c) Applied to an air or modulation of harmony which moves by easy and smooth transitions, digressing but little from the original key. --Moore (Encyc. of Music). {Natural day}, the space of twenty-four hours. --Chaucer. {Natural fats}, {Natural gas}, etc. See under {Fat}, {Gas}. etc. {Natural Harmony} (Mus.), the harmony of the triad or common chord. {Natural history}, in its broadest sense, a history or description of nature as a whole, incuding the sciences of {botany}, {zo[94]logy}, {geology}, {mineralogy}, {paleontology}, {chemistry}, and {physics}. In recent usage the term is often restricted to the sciences of botany and zo[94]logy collectively, and sometimes to the science of zoology alone. {Natural law}, that instinctive sense of justice and of right and wrong, which is native in mankind, as distinguished from specifically revealed divine law, and formulated human law. {Natural modulation} (Mus.), transition from one key to its relative keys. {Natural order}. (Nat. Hist.) See under {order}. {Natural person}. (Law) See under {person}, n. {Natural philosophy}, originally, the study of nature in general; in modern usage, that branch of physical science, commonly called {physics}, which treats of the phenomena and laws of matter and considers those effects only which are unaccompanied by any change of a chemical nature; -- contrasted with mental and moral philosophy. {Natural scale} (Mus.), a scale which is written without flats or sharps. Model would be a preferable term, as less likely to mislead, the so-called artificial scales (scales represented by the use of flats and sharps) being equally natural with the so-called natural scale {Natural science}, natural history, in its broadest sense; -- used especially in contradistinction to mental or moral science. {Natural selection} (Biol.), a supposed operation of natural laws analogous, in its operation and results, to designed selection in breeding plants and animals, and resulting in the survival of the fittest. The theory of natural selection supposes that this has been brought about mainly by gradual changes of environment which have led to corresponding changes of structure, and that those forms which have become so modified as to be best adapted to the changed environment have tended to survive and leave similarly adapted descendants, while those less perfectly adapted have tended to die out though lack of fitness for the environment, thus resulting in the survival of the fittest. See {Darwinism}. {Natural system} (Bot. & Zo[94]l.), a classification based upon real affinities, as shown in the structure of all parts of the organisms, and by their embryology. It should be borne in mind that the natural system of botany is natural only in the constitution of its genera, tribes, orders, etc., and in its grand divisions. --Gray. {Natural theology}, [or] {Natural religion}, that part of theological science which treats of those evidences of the existence and attributes of the Supreme Being which are exhibited in nature; -- distinguished from revealed religion. See Quotation under {Natural}, a., 3. {Natural vowel}, the vowel sound heard in urn, furl, sir, her, etc.; -- so called as being uttered in the easiest open position of the mouth organs. See {Neutral vowel}, under {Neutral} and Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17. Syn: See {Native}. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Science \Sci"ence\, n. [F., fr. L. scientia, fr. sciens, -entis, p. pr. of scire to know. Cf. {Conscience}, {Conscious}, {Nice}.] 1. Knowledge; knowledge of principles and causes; ascertained truth of facts. If we conceive God's sight or science, before the creation, to be extended to all and every part of the world, seeing everything as it is, . . . his science or sight from all eternity lays no necessity on anything to come to pass. --Hammond. Shakespeare's deep and accurate science in mental philosophy. --Coleridge. 2. Accumulated and established knowledge, which has been systematized and formulated with reference to the discovery of general truths or the operation of general laws; knowledge classified and made available in work, life, or the search for truth; comprehensive, profound, or philosophical knowledge. All this new science that men lere [teach]. --Chaucer. Science is . . . a complement of cognitions, having, in point of form, the character of logical perfection, and in point of matter, the character of real truth. --Sir W. Hamilton. 3. Especially, such knowledge when it relates to the physical world and its phenomena, the nature, constitution, and forces of matter, the qualities and functions of living tissues, etc.; -- called also {natural science}, and {physical science}. Voltaire hardly left a single corner of the field entirely unexplored in science, poetry, history, philosophy. --J. Morley. 4. Any branch or department of systematized knowledge considered as a distinct field of investigation or object of study; as, the science of astronomy, of chemistry, or of mind. Note: The ancients reckoned seven sciences, namely, grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy; -- the first three being included in the Trivium, the remaining four in the Quadrivium. Good sense, which only is the gift of Heaven, And though no science, fairly worth the seven. --Pope. 5. Art, skill, or expertness, regarded as the result of knowledge of laws and principles. His science, coolness, and great strength. --G. A. Lawrence. Note: Science is applied or pure. Applied science is a knowledge of facts, events, or phenomena, as explained, accounted for, or produced, by means of powers, causes, or laws. Pure science is the knowledge of these powers, causes, or laws, considered apart, or as pure from all applications. Both these terms have a similar and special signification when applied to the science of quantity; as, the applied and pure mathematics. Exact science is knowledge so systematized that prediction and verification, by measurement, experiment, observation, etc., are possible. The mathematical and physical sciences are called the exact sciences. {Comparative sciences}, {Inductive sciences}. See under {Comparative}, and {Inductive}. Syn: Literature; art; knowledge. Usage: {Science}, {Literature}, {Art}. Science is literally knowledge, but more usually denotes a systematic and orderly arrangement of knowledge. In a more distinctive sense, science embraces those branches of knowledge of which the subject-matter is either ultimate principles, or facts as explained by principles or laws thus arranged in natural order. The term literature sometimes denotes all compositions not embraced under science, but usually confined to the belles-lettres. [See {Literature}.] Art is that which depends on practice and skill in performance. [bd]In science, scimus ut sciamus; in art, scimus ut producamus. And, therefore, science and art may be said to be investigations of truth; but one, science, inquires for the sake of knowledge; the other, art, for the sake of production; and hence science is more concerned with the higher truths, art with the lower; and science never is engaged, as art is, in productive application. And the most perfect state of science, therefore, will be the most high and accurate inquiry; the perfection of art will be the most apt and efficient system of rules; art always throwing itself into the form of rules.[b8] --Karslake. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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10. (Mus.) (a) Produced by natural organs, as those of the human throat, in distinction from instrumental music. (b) Of or pertaining to a key which has neither a flat nor a sharp for its signature, as the key of C major. (c) Applied to an air or modulation of harmony which moves by easy and smooth transitions, digressing but little from the original key. --Moore (Encyc. of Music). {Natural day}, the space of twenty-four hours. --Chaucer. {Natural fats}, {Natural gas}, etc. See under {Fat}, {Gas}. etc. {Natural Harmony} (Mus.), the harmony of the triad or common chord. {Natural history}, in its broadest sense, a history or description of nature as a whole, incuding the sciences of {botany}, {zo[94]logy}, {geology}, {mineralogy}, {paleontology}, {chemistry}, and {physics}. In recent usage the term is often restricted to the sciences of botany and zo[94]logy collectively, and sometimes to the science of zoology alone. {Natural law}, that instinctive sense of justice and of right and wrong, which is native in mankind, as distinguished from specifically revealed divine law, and formulated human law. {Natural modulation} (Mus.), transition from one key to its relative keys. {Natural order}. (Nat. Hist.) See under {order}. {Natural person}. (Law) See under {person}, n. {Natural philosophy}, originally, the study of nature in general; in modern usage, that branch of physical science, commonly called {physics}, which treats of the phenomena and laws of matter and considers those effects only which are unaccompanied by any change of a chemical nature; -- contrasted with mental and moral philosophy. {Natural scale} (Mus.), a scale which is written without flats or sharps. Model would be a preferable term, as less likely to mislead, the so-called artificial scales (scales represented by the use of flats and sharps) being equally natural with the so-called natural scale {Natural science}, natural history, in its broadest sense; -- used especially in contradistinction to mental or moral science. {Natural selection} (Biol.), a supposed operation of natural laws analogous, in its operation and results, to designed selection in breeding plants and animals, and resulting in the survival of the fittest. The theory of natural selection supposes that this has been brought about mainly by gradual changes of environment which have led to corresponding changes of structure, and that those forms which have become so modified as to be best adapted to the changed environment have tended to survive and leave similarly adapted descendants, while those less perfectly adapted have tended to die out though lack of fitness for the environment, thus resulting in the survival of the fittest. See {Darwinism}. {Natural system} (Bot. & Zo[94]l.), a classification based upon real affinities, as shown in the structure of all parts of the organisms, and by their embryology. It should be borne in mind that the natural system of botany is natural only in the constitution of its genera, tribes, orders, etc., and in its grand divisions. --Gray. {Natural theology}, [or] {Natural religion}, that part of theological science which treats of those evidences of the existence and attributes of the Supreme Being which are exhibited in nature; -- distinguished from revealed religion. See Quotation under {Natural}, a., 3. {Natural vowel}, the vowel sound heard in urn, furl, sir, her, etc.; -- so called as being uttered in the easiest open position of the mouth organs. See {Neutral vowel}, under {Neutral} and Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17. Syn: See {Native}. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Selection \Se*lec"tion\, n. [L. selectio: cf. F. s[82]lection.] . The act of selecting, or the state of being selected; choice, by preference. 2. That which is selected; a collection of things chosen; as, a choice selection of books. {Natural selection}. (Biol.) See under {Natural}. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Sine \Sine\, n. [LL. sinus a sine, L. sinus bosom, used in translating the Ar. jaib, properly, bosom, but probably read by mistake (the consonants being the same) for an original j[c6]ba sine, from Skr. j[c6]va bowstring, chord of an arc, sine.] (Trig.) (a) The length of a perpendicular drawn from one extremity of an arc of a circle to the diameter drawn through the other extremity. (b) The perpendicular itself. See {Sine of angle}, below. {Artificial sines}, logarithms of the natural sines, or logarithmic sines. {Curve of sines}. See {Sinusoid}. {Natural sines}, the decimals expressing the values of the sines, the radius being unity. {Sine of an angle}, in a circle whose radius is unity, the sine of the arc that measures the angle; in a right-angled triangle, the side opposite the given angle divided by the hypotenuse. See {Trigonometrical function}, under {Function}. {Versed sine}, that part of the diameter between the sine and the arc. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Natural steel \Nat"u*ral steel\ Steel made by the direct refining of cast iron in a finery, or, as wootz, by a direct process from the ore. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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10. (Mus.) (a) Produced by natural organs, as those of the human throat, in distinction from instrumental music. (b) Of or pertaining to a key which has neither a flat nor a sharp for its signature, as the key of C major. (c) Applied to an air or modulation of harmony which moves by easy and smooth transitions, digressing but little from the original key. --Moore (Encyc. of Music). {Natural day}, the space of twenty-four hours. --Chaucer. {Natural fats}, {Natural gas}, etc. See under {Fat}, {Gas}. etc. {Natural Harmony} (Mus.), the harmony of the triad or common chord. {Natural history}, in its broadest sense, a history or description of nature as a whole, incuding the sciences of {botany}, {zo[94]logy}, {geology}, {mineralogy}, {paleontology}, {chemistry}, and {physics}. In recent usage the term is often restricted to the sciences of botany and zo[94]logy collectively, and sometimes to the science of zoology alone. {Natural law}, that instinctive sense of justice and of right and wrong, which is native in mankind, as distinguished from specifically revealed divine law, and formulated human law. {Natural modulation} (Mus.), transition from one key to its relative keys. {Natural order}. (Nat. Hist.) See under {order}. {Natural person}. (Law) See under {person}, n. {Natural philosophy}, originally, the study of nature in general; in modern usage, that branch of physical science, commonly called {physics}, which treats of the phenomena and laws of matter and considers those effects only which are unaccompanied by any change of a chemical nature; -- contrasted with mental and moral philosophy. {Natural scale} (Mus.), a scale which is written without flats or sharps. Model would be a preferable term, as less likely to mislead, the so-called artificial scales (scales represented by the use of flats and sharps) being equally natural with the so-called natural scale {Natural science}, natural history, in its broadest sense; -- used especially in contradistinction to mental or moral science. {Natural selection} (Biol.), a supposed operation of natural laws analogous, in its operation and results, to designed selection in breeding plants and animals, and resulting in the survival of the fittest. The theory of natural selection supposes that this has been brought about mainly by gradual changes of environment which have led to corresponding changes of structure, and that those forms which have become so modified as to be best adapted to the changed environment have tended to survive and leave similarly adapted descendants, while those less perfectly adapted have tended to die out though lack of fitness for the environment, thus resulting in the survival of the fittest. See {Darwinism}. {Natural system} (Bot. & Zo[94]l.), a classification based upon real affinities, as shown in the structure of all parts of the organisms, and by their embryology. It should be borne in mind that the natural system of botany is natural only in the constitution of its genera, tribes, orders, etc., and in its grand divisions. --Gray. {Natural theology}, [or] {Natural religion}, that part of theological science which treats of those evidences of the existence and attributes of the Supreme Being which are exhibited in nature; -- distinguished from revealed religion. See Quotation under {Natural}, a., 3. {Natural vowel}, the vowel sound heard in urn, furl, sir, her, etc.; -- so called as being uttered in the easiest open position of the mouth organs. See {Neutral vowel}, under {Neutral} and Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17. Syn: See {Native}. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Tangent \Tan"gent\, n. [L. tangens, -entis, p. pr. of tangere to touch; akin to Gr. [?] having seized: cf. F. tangente. Cf. {Attain}, {Contaminate}, {Contingent}, {Entire}, {Tact}, {Taste}, {Tax}, v. t.] (Geom.) A tangent line curve, or surface; specifically, that portion of the straight line tangent to a curve that is between the point of tangency and a given line, the given line being, for example, the axis of abscissas, or a radius of a circle produced. See {Trigonometrical function}, under {Function}. {Artificial}, [or] {Logarithmic}, {tangent}, the logarithm of the natural tangent of an arc. {Natural tangent}, a decimal expressing the length of the tangent of an arc, the radius being reckoned unity. {Tangent galvanometer} (Elec.), a form of galvanometer having a circular coil and a short needle, in which the tangent of the angle of deflection of the needle is proportional to the strength of the current. {Tangent of an angle}, the natural tangent of the arc subtending or measuring the angle. {Tangent of an arc}, a right line, as ta, touching the arc of a circle at one extremity a, and terminated by a line ct, passing from the center through the other extremity o. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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10. (Mus.) (a) Produced by natural organs, as those of the human throat, in distinction from instrumental music. (b) Of or pertaining to a key which has neither a flat nor a sharp for its signature, as the key of C major. (c) Applied to an air or modulation of harmony which moves by easy and smooth transitions, digressing but little from the original key. --Moore (Encyc. of Music). {Natural day}, the space of twenty-four hours. --Chaucer. {Natural fats}, {Natural gas}, etc. See under {Fat}, {Gas}. etc. {Natural Harmony} (Mus.), the harmony of the triad or common chord. {Natural history}, in its broadest sense, a history or description of nature as a whole, incuding the sciences of {botany}, {zo[94]logy}, {geology}, {mineralogy}, {paleontology}, {chemistry}, and {physics}. In recent usage the term is often restricted to the sciences of botany and zo[94]logy collectively, and sometimes to the science of zoology alone. {Natural law}, that instinctive sense of justice and of right and wrong, which is native in mankind, as distinguished from specifically revealed divine law, and formulated human law. {Natural modulation} (Mus.), transition from one key to its relative keys. {Natural order}. (Nat. Hist.) See under {order}. {Natural person}. (Law) See under {person}, n. {Natural philosophy}, originally, the study of nature in general; in modern usage, that branch of physical science, commonly called {physics}, which treats of the phenomena and laws of matter and considers those effects only which are unaccompanied by any change of a chemical nature; -- contrasted with mental and moral philosophy. {Natural scale} (Mus.), a scale which is written without flats or sharps. Model would be a preferable term, as less likely to mislead, the so-called artificial scales (scales represented by the use of flats and sharps) being equally natural with the so-called natural scale {Natural science}, natural history, in its broadest sense; -- used especially in contradistinction to mental or moral science. {Natural selection} (Biol.), a supposed operation of natural laws analogous, in its operation and results, to designed selection in breeding plants and animals, and resulting in the survival of the fittest. The theory of natural selection supposes that this has been brought about mainly by gradual changes of environment which have led to corresponding changes of structure, and that those forms which have become so modified as to be best adapted to the changed environment have tended to survive and leave similarly adapted descendants, while those less perfectly adapted have tended to die out though lack of fitness for the environment, thus resulting in the survival of the fittest. See {Darwinism}. {Natural system} (Bot. & Zo[94]l.), a classification based upon real affinities, as shown in the structure of all parts of the organisms, and by their embryology. It should be borne in mind that the natural system of botany is natural only in the constitution of its genera, tribes, orders, etc., and in its grand divisions. --Gray. {Natural theology}, [or] {Natural religion}, that part of theological science which treats of those evidences of the existence and attributes of the Supreme Being which are exhibited in nature; -- distinguished from revealed religion. See Quotation under {Natural}, a., 3. {Natural vowel}, the vowel sound heard in urn, furl, sir, her, etc.; -- so called as being uttered in the easiest open position of the mouth organs. See {Neutral vowel}, under {Neutral} and Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17. Syn: See {Native}. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Theology \The*ol"o*gy\, n.; pl. {Theologies}. [L. theologia, Gr. [?]; [?] God + [?] discourse: cf. F. th[82]ologie. See {Theism}, and {Logic}.] The science of God or of religion; the science which treats of the existence, character, and attributes of God, his laws and government, the doctrines we are to believe, and the duties we are to practice; divinity; (as more commonly understood) [bd]the knowledge derivable from the Scriptures, the systematic exhibition of revealed truth, the science of Christian faith and life.[b8] Many speak of theology as a science of religion [instead of [bd]science of God[b8]] because they disbelieve that there is any knowledge of God to be attained. --Prof. R. Flint (Enc. Brit.). Theology is ordered knowledge; representing in the region of the intellect what religion represents in the heart and life of man. --Gladstone. {Ascetic theology}, {Natural theology}. See {Ascetic}, {Natural}. {Moral theology}, that phase of theology which is concerned with moral character and conduct. {Revealed theology}, theology which is to be learned only from revelation. {Scholastic theology}, theology as taught by the scholastics, or as prosecuted after their principles and methods. {Speculative theology}, theology as founded upon, or influenced by, speculation or metaphysical philosophy. {Systematic theology}, that branch of theology of which the aim is to reduce all revealed truth to a series of statements that together shall constitute an organized whole. --E. G. Robinson (Johnson's Cyc.). | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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10. (Mus.) (a) Produced by natural organs, as those of the human throat, in distinction from instrumental music. (b) Of or pertaining to a key which has neither a flat nor a sharp for its signature, as the key of C major. (c) Applied to an air or modulation of harmony which moves by easy and smooth transitions, digressing but little from the original key. --Moore (Encyc. of Music). {Natural day}, the space of twenty-four hours. --Chaucer. {Natural fats}, {Natural gas}, etc. See under {Fat}, {Gas}. etc. {Natural Harmony} (Mus.), the harmony of the triad or common chord. {Natural history}, in its broadest sense, a history or description of nature as a whole, incuding the sciences of {botany}, {zo[94]logy}, {geology}, {mineralogy}, {paleontology}, {chemistry}, and {physics}. In recent usage the term is often restricted to the sciences of botany and zo[94]logy collectively, and sometimes to the science of zoology alone. {Natural law}, that instinctive sense of justice and of right and wrong, which is native in mankind, as distinguished from specifically revealed divine law, and formulated human law. {Natural modulation} (Mus.), transition from one key to its relative keys. {Natural order}. (Nat. Hist.) See under {order}. {Natural person}. (Law) See under {person}, n. {Natural philosophy}, originally, the study of nature in general; in modern usage, that branch of physical science, commonly called {physics}, which treats of the phenomena and laws of matter and considers those effects only which are unaccompanied by any change of a chemical nature; -- contrasted with mental and moral philosophy. {Natural scale} (Mus.), a scale which is written without flats or sharps. Model would be a preferable term, as less likely to mislead, the so-called artificial scales (scales represented by the use of flats and sharps) being equally natural with the so-called natural scale {Natural science}, natural history, in its broadest sense; -- used especially in contradistinction to mental or moral science. {Natural selection} (Biol.), a supposed operation of natural laws analogous, in its operation and results, to designed selection in breeding plants and animals, and resulting in the survival of the fittest. The theory of natural selection supposes that this has been brought about mainly by gradual changes of environment which have led to corresponding changes of structure, and that those forms which have become so modified as to be best adapted to the changed environment have tended to survive and leave similarly adapted descendants, while those less perfectly adapted have tended to die out though lack of fitness for the environment, thus resulting in the survival of the fittest. See {Darwinism}. {Natural system} (Bot. & Zo[94]l.), a classification based upon real affinities, as shown in the structure of all parts of the organisms, and by their embryology. It should be borne in mind that the natural system of botany is natural only in the constitution of its genera, tribes, orders, etc., and in its grand divisions. --Gray. {Natural theology}, [or] {Natural religion}, that part of theological science which treats of those evidences of the existence and attributes of the Supreme Being which are exhibited in nature; -- distinguished from revealed religion. See Quotation under {Natural}, a., 3. {Natural vowel}, the vowel sound heard in urn, furl, sir, her, etc.; -- so called as being uttered in the easiest open position of the mouth organs. See {Neutral vowel}, under {Neutral} and Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17. Syn: See {Native}. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Neutral \Neu"tral\, a. [L. neutralis, fr. neuter. See {Neuter}.] 1. Not engaged on either side; not taking part with or assisting either of two or more contending parties; neuter; indifferent. The heart can not possibly remain neutral, but constantly takes part one way or the other. --Shaftesbury. 2. Neither good nor bad; of medium quality; middling; not decided or pronounced. Some things good, and some things ill, do seem, And neutral some, in her fantastic eye. --Sir J. Davies. 3. (Biol.) Neuter. See {Neuter}, a., 3. 4. (Chem.) Having neither acid nor basic properties; unable to turn red litmus blue or blue litmus red; -- said of certain salts or other compounds. Contrasted with {acid}, and {alkaline}. {Neutral axis}, {Neutral surface} (Mech.), that line or plane, in a beam under transverse pressure, at which the fibers are neither stretched nor compressed, or where the longitudinal stress is zero. See {Axis}. {Neutral equilibrium} (Mech.), the kind of equilibrium of a body so placed that when moved slighty it neither tends to return to its former position not depart more widely from it, as a perfect sphere or cylinder on a horizontal plane. {Neutral salt} (Chem.), a salt formed by the complete replacement of the hydrogen in an acid or base; in the former case by a positive or basic, in the latter by a negative or acid, element or radical. {Neutral tint}, a bluish gray pigment, used in water colors, made by mixing indigo or other blue some warm color. the shades vary greatly. {Neutral vowel}, the vowel element having an obscure and indefinite quality, such as is commonly taken by the vowel in many unaccented syllables. It is regarded by some as identical with the [ucr] in up, and is called also the {natural vowel}, as unformed by art and effort. See Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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10. (Mus.) (a) Produced by natural organs, as those of the human throat, in distinction from instrumental music. (b) Of or pertaining to a key which has neither a flat nor a sharp for its signature, as the key of C major. (c) Applied to an air or modulation of harmony which moves by easy and smooth transitions, digressing but little from the original key. --Moore (Encyc. of Music). {Natural day}, the space of twenty-four hours. --Chaucer. {Natural fats}, {Natural gas}, etc. See under {Fat}, {Gas}. etc. {Natural Harmony} (Mus.), the harmony of the triad or common chord. {Natural history}, in its broadest sense, a history or description of nature as a whole, incuding the sciences of {botany}, {zo[94]logy}, {geology}, {mineralogy}, {paleontology}, {chemistry}, and {physics}. In recent usage the term is often restricted to the sciences of botany and zo[94]logy collectively, and sometimes to the science of zoology alone. {Natural law}, that instinctive sense of justice and of right and wrong, which is native in mankind, as distinguished from specifically revealed divine law, and formulated human law. {Natural modulation} (Mus.), transition from one key to its relative keys. {Natural order}. (Nat. Hist.) See under {order}. {Natural person}. (Law) See under {person}, n. {Natural philosophy}, originally, the study of nature in general; in modern usage, that branch of physical science, commonly called {physics}, which treats of the phenomena and laws of matter and considers those effects only which are unaccompanied by any change of a chemical nature; -- contrasted with mental and moral philosophy. {Natural scale} (Mus.), a scale which is written without flats or sharps. Model would be a preferable term, as less likely to mislead, the so-called artificial scales (scales represented by the use of flats and sharps) being equally natural with the so-called natural scale {Natural science}, natural history, in its broadest sense; -- used especially in contradistinction to mental or moral science. {Natural selection} (Biol.), a supposed operation of natural laws analogous, in its operation and results, to designed selection in breeding plants and animals, and resulting in the survival of the fittest. The theory of natural selection supposes that this has been brought about mainly by gradual changes of environment which have led to corresponding changes of structure, and that those forms which have become so modified as to be best adapted to the changed environment have tended to survive and leave similarly adapted descendants, while those less perfectly adapted have tended to die out though lack of fitness for the environment, thus resulting in the survival of the fittest. See {Darwinism}. {Natural system} (Bot. & Zo[94]l.), a classification based upon real affinities, as shown in the structure of all parts of the organisms, and by their embryology. It should be borne in mind that the natural system of botany is natural only in the constitution of its genera, tribes, orders, etc., and in its grand divisions. --Gray. {Natural theology}, [or] {Natural religion}, that part of theological science which treats of those evidences of the existence and attributes of the Supreme Being which are exhibited in nature; -- distinguished from revealed religion. See Quotation under {Natural}, a., 3. {Natural vowel}, the vowel sound heard in urn, furl, sir, her, etc.; -- so called as being uttered in the easiest open position of the mouth organs. See {Neutral vowel}, under {Neutral} and Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17. Syn: See {Native}. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Neutral \Neu"tral\, a. [L. neutralis, fr. neuter. See {Neuter}.] 1. Not engaged on either side; not taking part with or assisting either of two or more contending parties; neuter; indifferent. The heart can not possibly remain neutral, but constantly takes part one way or the other. --Shaftesbury. 2. Neither good nor bad; of medium quality; middling; not decided or pronounced. Some things good, and some things ill, do seem, And neutral some, in her fantastic eye. --Sir J. Davies. 3. (Biol.) Neuter. See {Neuter}, a., 3. 4. (Chem.) Having neither acid nor basic properties; unable to turn red litmus blue or blue litmus red; -- said of certain salts or other compounds. Contrasted with {acid}, and {alkaline}. {Neutral axis}, {Neutral surface} (Mech.), that line or plane, in a beam under transverse pressure, at which the fibers are neither stretched nor compressed, or where the longitudinal stress is zero. See {Axis}. {Neutral equilibrium} (Mech.), the kind of equilibrium of a body so placed that when moved slighty it neither tends to return to its former position not depart more widely from it, as a perfect sphere or cylinder on a horizontal plane. {Neutral salt} (Chem.), a salt formed by the complete replacement of the hydrogen in an acid or base; in the former case by a positive or basic, in the latter by a negative or acid, element or radical. {Neutral tint}, a bluish gray pigment, used in water colors, made by mixing indigo or other blue some warm color. the shades vary greatly. {Neutral vowel}, the vowel element having an obscure and indefinite quality, such as is commonly taken by the vowel in many unaccented syllables. It is regarded by some as identical with the [ucr] in up, and is called also the {natural vowel}, as unformed by art and effort. See Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Naturalism \Nat"u*ral*ism\, n. [Cf. F. naturalisme.] 1. A state of nature; conformity to nature. 2. (Metaph.) The doctrine of those who deny a supernatural agency in the miracles and revelations recorded in the Bible, and in spiritual influences; also, any system of philosophy which refers the phenomena of nature to a blind force or forces acting necessarily or according to fixed laws, excluding origination or direction by one intelligent will. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Naturalism \Nat"u*ral*ism\, n. 1. The theory that art or literature should conform to nature; realism; also, the quality, rendering, or expression of art or literature executed according to this theory. 2. Specif., the principles and characteristics professed or represented by a 19th-century school of realistic writers, notably by Zola and Maupassant, who aimed to give a literal transcription of reality, and laid special stress on the analytic study of character, and on the scientific and experimental nature of their observation of life. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Naturalist \Nat"u*ral*ist\, n. [Cf. F. naturaliste.] 1. One versed in natural science; a student of natural history, esp. of the natural history of animals. 2. One who holds or maintains the doctrine of naturalism in religion. --H. Bushnell. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Naturalistic \Nat`u*ral*is"tic\, a. 1. Belonging to the doctrines of naturalism. 2. Closely resembling nature; realistic. [bd]Naturalistic bit of pantomime.[b8] --W. D. Howells. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Naturality \Nat`u*ral"i*ty\, n. [L. naturalitas: cf. F. naturalit[82].] Nature; naturalness. [R.] | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Naturalization \Nat`u*ral*i*za"tion\, n. [Cf. F. naturalisation.] The act or process of naturalizing, esp. of investing an alien with the rights and privileges of a native or citizen; also, the state of being naturalized. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Naturalize \Nat"u*ral*ize\ (?; 135), v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Naturalized}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Naturalizing}.] [Cf. F. naturaliser. See {Natural}.] 1. To make natural; as, custom naturalizes labor or study. 2. To confer the rights and privileges of a native subject or citizen on; to make as if native; to adopt, as a foreigner into a nation or state, and place in the condition of a native subject. 3. To receive or adopt as native, natural, or vernacular; to make one's own; as, to naturalize foreign words. 4. To adapt; to accustom; to habituate; to acclimate; to cause to grow as under natural conditions. Its wearer suggested that pears and peaches might yet be naturalized in the New England climate. --Hawthorne. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Naturalize \Nat"u*ral*ize\, v. i. 1. To become as if native. 2. To explain phenomena by natural agencies or laws, to the exclusion of the supernatural. Infected by this naturalizing tendency. --H. Bushnell. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Naturalize \Nat"u*ral*ize\ (?; 135), v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Naturalized}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Naturalizing}.] [Cf. F. naturaliser. See {Natural}.] 1. To make natural; as, custom naturalizes labor or study. 2. To confer the rights and privileges of a native subject or citizen on; to make as if native; to adopt, as a foreigner into a nation or state, and place in the condition of a native subject. 3. To receive or adopt as native, natural, or vernacular; to make one's own; as, to naturalize foreign words. 4. To adapt; to accustom; to habituate; to acclimate; to cause to grow as under natural conditions. Its wearer suggested that pears and peaches might yet be naturalized in the New England climate. --Hawthorne. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Naturalize \Nat"u*ral*ize\ (?; 135), v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Naturalized}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Naturalizing}.] [Cf. F. naturaliser. See {Natural}.] 1. To make natural; as, custom naturalizes labor or study. 2. To confer the rights and privileges of a native subject or citizen on; to make as if native; to adopt, as a foreigner into a nation or state, and place in the condition of a native subject. 3. To receive or adopt as native, natural, or vernacular; to make one's own; as, to naturalize foreign words. 4. To adapt; to accustom; to habituate; to acclimate; to cause to grow as under natural conditions. Its wearer suggested that pears and peaches might yet be naturalized in the New England climate. --Hawthorne. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Naturally \Nat"u*ral*ly\, adv. In a natural manner or way; according to the usual course of things; spontaneously. | |
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Naturalness \Nat"u*ral*ness\, n. The state or quality of being natural; conformity to nature. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Natureless \Na"ture*less\, a. Not in accordance with nature; unnatural. [Obs.] --Milton. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Neutral \Neu"tral\, a. [L. neutralis, fr. neuter. See {Neuter}.] 1. Not engaged on either side; not taking part with or assisting either of two or more contending parties; neuter; indifferent. The heart can not possibly remain neutral, but constantly takes part one way or the other. --Shaftesbury. 2. Neither good nor bad; of medium quality; middling; not decided or pronounced. Some things good, and some things ill, do seem, And neutral some, in her fantastic eye. --Sir J. Davies. 3. (Biol.) Neuter. See {Neuter}, a., 3. 4. (Chem.) Having neither acid nor basic properties; unable to turn red litmus blue or blue litmus red; -- said of certain salts or other compounds. Contrasted with {acid}, and {alkaline}. {Neutral axis}, {Neutral surface} (Mech.), that line or plane, in a beam under transverse pressure, at which the fibers are neither stretched nor compressed, or where the longitudinal stress is zero. See {Axis}. {Neutral equilibrium} (Mech.), the kind of equilibrium of a body so placed that when moved slighty it neither tends to return to its former position not depart more widely from it, as a perfect sphere or cylinder on a horizontal plane. {Neutral salt} (Chem.), a salt formed by the complete replacement of the hydrogen in an acid or base; in the former case by a positive or basic, in the latter by a negative or acid, element or radical. {Neutral tint}, a bluish gray pigment, used in water colors, made by mixing indigo or other blue some warm color. the shades vary greatly. {Neutral vowel}, the vowel element having an obscure and indefinite quality, such as is commonly taken by the vowel in many unaccented syllables. It is regarded by some as identical with the [ucr] in up, and is called also the {natural vowel}, as unformed by art and effort. See Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Neutral \Neu"tral\, n. A person or a nation that takes no part in a contest between others; one who is neutral. The neutral, as far as commerce extends, becomes a party in the war. --R. G. Harper. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Neutral \Neu"tral\, a. [L. neutralis, fr. neuter. See {Neuter}.] 1. Not engaged on either side; not taking part with or assisting either of two or more contending parties; neuter; indifferent. The heart can not possibly remain neutral, but constantly takes part one way or the other. --Shaftesbury. 2. Neither good nor bad; of medium quality; middling; not decided or pronounced. Some things good, and some things ill, do seem, And neutral some, in her fantastic eye. --Sir J. Davies. 3. (Biol.) Neuter. See {Neuter}, a., 3. 4. (Chem.) Having neither acid nor basic properties; unable to turn red litmus blue or blue litmus red; -- said of certain salts or other compounds. Contrasted with {acid}, and {alkaline}. {Neutral axis}, {Neutral surface} (Mech.), that line or plane, in a beam under transverse pressure, at which the fibers are neither stretched nor compressed, or where the longitudinal stress is zero. See {Axis}. {Neutral equilibrium} (Mech.), the kind of equilibrium of a body so placed that when moved slighty it neither tends to return to its former position not depart more widely from it, as a perfect sphere or cylinder on a horizontal plane. {Neutral salt} (Chem.), a salt formed by the complete replacement of the hydrogen in an acid or base; in the former case by a positive or basic, in the latter by a negative or acid, element or radical. {Neutral tint}, a bluish gray pigment, used in water colors, made by mixing indigo or other blue some warm color. the shades vary greatly. {Neutral vowel}, the vowel element having an obscure and indefinite quality, such as is commonly taken by the vowel in many unaccented syllables. It is regarded by some as identical with the [ucr] in up, and is called also the {natural vowel}, as unformed by art and effort. See Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Axis \Ax"is\, n.; pl. {Axes}. [L. axis axis, axle. See {Axle}.] A straight line, real or imaginary, passing through a body, on which it revolves, or may be supposed to revolve; a line passing through a body or system around which the parts are symmetrically arranged. 2. (Math.) A straight line with respect to which the different parts of a magnitude are symmetrically arranged; as, the axis of a cylinder, i. e., the axis of a cone, that is, the straight line joining the vertex and the center of the base; the axis of a circle, any straight line passing through the center. 3. (Bot.) The stem; the central part, or longitudinal support, on which organs or parts are arranged; the central line of any body. --Gray. 4. (Anat.) (a) The second vertebra of the neck, or {vertebra dentata}. (b) Also used of the body only of the vertebra, which is prolonged anteriorly within the foramen of the first vertebra or atlas, so as to form the odontoid process or peg which serves as a pivot for the atlas and head to turn upon. 5. (Crystallog.) One of several imaginary lines, assumed in describing the position of the planes by which a crystal is bounded. 6. (Fine Arts) The primary or secondary central line of any design. {Anticlinal axis} (Geol.), a line or ridge from which the strata slope downward on the two opposite sides. {Synclinal axis}, a line from which the strata slope upward in opposite directions, so as to form a valley. {Axis cylinder} (Anat.), the neuraxis or essential, central substance of a nerve fiber; -- called also {axis band}, {axial fiber}, and {cylinder axis}. {Axis in peritrochio}, the wheel and axle, one of the mechanical powers. {Axis of a curve} (Geom.), a straight line which bisects a system of parallel chords of a curve; called a {principal axis}, when cutting them at right angles, in which case it divides the curve into two symmetrical portions, as in the parabola, which has one such axis, the ellipse, which has two, or the circle, which has an infinite number. The two axes of the ellipse are the {major axis} and the {minor axis}, and the two axes of the hyperbola are the {transverse axis} and the {conjugate axis}. {Axis of a lens}, the straight line passing through its center and perpendicular to its surfaces. {Axis of a} {telescope [or] microscope}, the straight line with which coincide the axes of the several lenses which compose it. {Axes of co[94]rdinates in a plane}, two straight lines intersecting each other, to which points are referred for the purpose of determining their relative position: they are either rectangular or oblique. {Axes of co[94]rdinates in space}, the three straight lines in which the co[94]rdinate planes intersect each other. {Axis of a balance}, that line about which it turns. {Axis of oscillation}, of a pendulum, a right line passing through the center about which it vibrates, and perpendicular to the plane of vibration. {Axis of polarization}, the central line around which the prismatic rings or curves are arranged. --Brewster. {Axis of revolution} (Descriptive Geom.), a straight line about which some line or plane is revolved, so that the several points of the line or plane shall describe circles with their centers in the fixed line, and their planes perpendicular to it, the line describing a surface of revolution, and the plane a solid of revolution. {Axis of symmetry} (Geom.), any line in a plane figure which divides the figure into two such parts that one part, when folded over along the axis, shall coincide with the other part. {Axis of the} {equator, ecliptic, horizon} (or other circle considered with reference to the sphere on which it lies), the diameter of the sphere which is perpendicular to the plane of the circle. --Hutton. {Axis of the Ionic capital} (Arch.), a line passing perpendicularly through the middle of the eye of the volute. {Neutral axis} (Mech.), the line of demarcation between the horizontal elastic forces of tension and compression, exerted by the fibers in any cross section of a girder. {Optic axis of a crystal}, the direction in which a ray of transmitted light suffers no double refraction. All crystals, not of the isometric system, are either uniaxial or biaxial. {Optic axis}, {Visual axis} (Opt.), the straight line passing through the center of the pupil, and perpendicular to the surface of the eye. {Radical axis of two circles} (Geom.), the straight line perpendicular to the line joining their centers and such that the tangents from any point of it to the two circles shall be equal to each other. {Spiral axis} (Arch.), the axis of a twisted column drawn spirally in order to trace the circumvolutions without. {Axis of abscissas} and {Axis of ordinates}. See {Abscissa}. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Neutral \Neu"tral\, a. [L. neutralis, fr. neuter. See {Neuter}.] 1. Not engaged on either side; not taking part with or assisting either of two or more contending parties; neuter; indifferent. The heart can not possibly remain neutral, but constantly takes part one way or the other. --Shaftesbury. 2. Neither good nor bad; of medium quality; middling; not decided or pronounced. Some things good, and some things ill, do seem, And neutral some, in her fantastic eye. --Sir J. Davies. 3. (Biol.) Neuter. See {Neuter}, a., 3. 4. (Chem.) Having neither acid nor basic properties; unable to turn red litmus blue or blue litmus red; -- said of certain salts or other compounds. Contrasted with {acid}, and {alkaline}. {Neutral axis}, {Neutral surface} (Mech.), that line or plane, in a beam under transverse pressure, at which the fibers are neither stretched nor compressed, or where the longitudinal stress is zero. See {Axis}. {Neutral equilibrium} (Mech.), the kind of equilibrium of a body so placed that when moved slighty it neither tends to return to its former position not depart more widely from it, as a perfect sphere or cylinder on a horizontal plane. {Neutral salt} (Chem.), a salt formed by the complete replacement of the hydrogen in an acid or base; in the former case by a positive or basic, in the latter by a negative or acid, element or radical. {Neutral tint}, a bluish gray pigment, used in water colors, made by mixing indigo or other blue some warm color. the shades vary greatly. {Neutral vowel}, the vowel element having an obscure and indefinite quality, such as is commonly taken by the vowel in many unaccented syllables. It is regarded by some as identical with the [ucr] in up, and is called also the {natural vowel}, as unformed by art and effort. See Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Salt \Salt\, n. [AS. sealt; akin to OS. & OFries. salt, D. zout, G. salz, Icel., Sw., & Dan. salt, L. sal, Gr. [?], Russ. sole, Ir. & Gael. salann, W. halen, of unknown origin. Cf. {Sal}, {Salad}, {Salary}, {Saline}, {Sauce}, {Sausage}.] 1. The chloride of sodium, a substance used for seasoning food, for the preservation of meat, etc. It is found native in the earth, and is also produced, by evaporation and crystallization, from sea water and other water impregnated with saline particles. 2. Hence, flavor; taste; savor; smack; seasoning. Though we are justices and doctors and churchmen . . . we have some salt of our youth in us. --Shak. 3. Hence, also, piquancy; wit; sense; as, Attic salt. 4. A dish for salt at table; a saltcellar. I out and bought some things; among others, a dozen of silver salts. --Pepys. 5. A sailor; -- usually qualified by old. [Colloq.] Around the door are generally to be seen, laughing and gossiping, clusters of old salts. --Hawthorne. 6. (Chem.) The neutral compound formed by the union of an acid and a base; thus, sulphuric acid and iron form the salt sulphate of iron or green vitriol. Note: Except in case of ammonium salts, accurately speaking, it is the acid radical which unites with the base or basic radical, with the elimination of hydrogen, of water, or of analogous compounds as side products. In the case of diacid and triacid bases, and of dibasic and tribasic acids, the mutual neutralization may vary in degree, producing respectively basic, neutral, or acid salts. See Phrases below. 7. Fig.: That which preserves from corruption or error; that which purifies; a corrective; an antiseptic; also, an allowance or deduction; as, his statements must be taken with a grain of salt. Ye are the salt of the earth. --Matt. v. 13. 8. pl. Any mineral salt used as an aperient or cathartic, especially Epsom salts, Rochelle salt, or Glauber's salt. 9. pl. Marshes flooded by the tide. [Prov. Eng.] {Above the salt}, {Below the salt}, phrases which have survived the old custom, in the houses of people of rank, of placing a large saltcellar near the middle of a long table, the places above which were assigned to the guests of distinction, and those below to dependents, inferiors, and poor relations. See {Saltfoot}. His fashion is not to take knowledge of him that is beneath him in clothes. He never drinks below the salt. --B. Jonson. {Acid salt} (Chem.) (a) A salt derived from an acid which has several replaceable hydrogen atoms which are only partially exchanged for metallic atoms or basic radicals; as, acid potassium sulphate is an acid salt. (b) A salt, whatever its constitution, which merely gives an acid reaction; thus, copper sulphate, which is composed of a strong acid united with a weak base, is an acid salt in this sense, though theoretically it is a neutral salt. {Alkaline salt} (Chem.), a salt which gives an alkaline reaction, as sodium carbonate. {Amphid salt} (Old Chem.), a salt of the oxy type, formerly regarded as composed of two oxides, an acid and a basic oxide. [Obsolescent] {Basic salt} (Chem.) (a) A salt which contains more of the basic constituent than is required to neutralize the acid. (b) An alkaline salt. {Binary salt} (Chem.), a salt of the oxy type conveniently regarded as composed of two ingredients (analogously to a haloid salt), viz., a metal and an acid radical. {Double salt} (Chem.), a salt regarded as formed by the union of two distinct salts, as common alum, potassium aluminium sulphate. See under {Double}. {Epsom salts}. See in the Vocabulary. {Essential salt} (Old Chem.), a salt obtained by crystallizing plant juices. {Ethereal salt}. (Chem.) See under {Ethereal}. {Glauber's salt} [or] {salts}. See in Vocabulary. {Haloid salt} (Chem.), a simple salt of a halogen acid, as sodium chloride. {Microcosmic salt}. (Chem.). See under {Microcosmic}. {Neutral salt}. (Chem.) (a) A salt in which the acid and base (in theory) neutralize each other. (b) A salt which gives a neutral reaction. {Oxy salt} (Chem.), a salt derived from an oxygen acid. {Per salt} (Old Chem.), a salt supposed to be derived from a peroxide base or analogous compound. [Obs.] {Permanent salt}, a salt which undergoes no change on exposure to the air. {Proto salt} (Chem.), a salt derived from a protoxide base or analogous compound. {Rochelle salt}. See under {Rochelle}. {Salt of amber} (Old Chem.), succinic acid. {Salt of colcothar} (Old Chem.), green vitriol, or sulphate of iron. {Salt of hartshorn}. (Old Chem.) (a) Sal ammoniac, or ammonium chloride. (b) Ammonium carbonate. Cf. {Spirit of hartshorn}, under {Hartshorn}. {Salt of lemons}. (Chem.) See {Salt of sorrel}, below. {Salt of Saturn} (Old Chem.), sugar of lead; lead acetate; -- the alchemical name of lead being Saturn. {Salt of Seignette}. Same as {Rochelle salt}. {Salt of soda} (Old Chem.), sodium carbonate. {Salt of sorrel} (Old Chem.), acid potassium oxalate, or potassium quadroxalate, used as a solvent for ink stains; -- so called because found in the sorrel, or Oxalis. Also sometimes inaccurately called {salt of lemon}. {Salt of tartar} (Old Chem.), potassium carbonate; -- so called because formerly made by heating cream of tartar, or potassium tartrate. [Obs.] {Salt of Venus} (Old Chem.), blue vitriol; copper sulphate; -- the alchemical name of copper being Venus. {Salt of wisdom}. See {Alembroth}. {Sedative salt} (Old Med. Chem.), boric acid. {Sesqui salt} (Chem.), a salt derived from a sesquioxide base or analogous compound. {Spirit of salt}. (Chem.) See under {Spirit}. {Sulpho salt} (Chem.), a salt analogous to an oxy salt, but containing sulphur in place of oxygen. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Neutral \Neu"tral\, a. [L. neutralis, fr. neuter. See {Neuter}.] 1. Not engaged on either side; not taking part with or assisting either of two or more contending parties; neuter; indifferent. The heart can not possibly remain neutral, but constantly takes part one way or the other. --Shaftesbury. 2. Neither good nor bad; of medium quality; middling; not decided or pronounced. Some things good, and some things ill, do seem, And neutral some, in her fantastic eye. --Sir J. Davies. 3. (Biol.) Neuter. See {Neuter}, a., 3. 4. (Chem.) Having neither acid nor basic properties; unable to turn red litmus blue or blue litmus red; -- said of certain salts or other compounds. Contrasted with {acid}, and {alkaline}. {Neutral axis}, {Neutral surface} (Mech.), that line or plane, in a beam under transverse pressure, at which the fibers are neither stretched nor compressed, or where the longitudinal stress is zero. See {Axis}. {Neutral equilibrium} (Mech.), the kind of equilibrium of a body so placed that when moved slighty it neither tends to return to its former position not depart more widely from it, as a perfect sphere or cylinder on a horizontal plane. {Neutral salt} (Chem.), a salt formed by the complete replacement of the hydrogen in an acid or base; in the former case by a positive or basic, in the latter by a negative or acid, element or radical. {Neutral tint}, a bluish gray pigment, used in water colors, made by mixing indigo or other blue some warm color. the shades vary greatly. {Neutral vowel}, the vowel element having an obscure and indefinite quality, such as is commonly taken by the vowel in many unaccented syllables. It is regarded by some as identical with the [ucr] in up, and is called also the {natural vowel}, as unformed by art and effort. See Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Neutral \Neu"tral\, a. [L. neutralis, fr. neuter. See {Neuter}.] 1. Not engaged on either side; not taking part with or assisting either of two or more contending parties; neuter; indifferent. The heart can not possibly remain neutral, but constantly takes part one way or the other. --Shaftesbury. 2. Neither good nor bad; of medium quality; middling; not decided or pronounced. Some things good, and some things ill, do seem, And neutral some, in her fantastic eye. --Sir J. Davies. 3. (Biol.) Neuter. See {Neuter}, a., 3. 4. (Chem.) Having neither acid nor basic properties; unable to turn red litmus blue or blue litmus red; -- said of certain salts or other compounds. Contrasted with {acid}, and {alkaline}. {Neutral axis}, {Neutral surface} (Mech.), that line or plane, in a beam under transverse pressure, at which the fibers are neither stretched nor compressed, or where the longitudinal stress is zero. See {Axis}. {Neutral equilibrium} (Mech.), the kind of equilibrium of a body so placed that when moved slighty it neither tends to return to its former position not depart more widely from it, as a perfect sphere or cylinder on a horizontal plane. {Neutral salt} (Chem.), a salt formed by the complete replacement of the hydrogen in an acid or base; in the former case by a positive or basic, in the latter by a negative or acid, element or radical. {Neutral tint}, a bluish gray pigment, used in water colors, made by mixing indigo or other blue some warm color. the shades vary greatly. {Neutral vowel}, the vowel element having an obscure and indefinite quality, such as is commonly taken by the vowel in many unaccented syllables. It is regarded by some as identical with the [ucr] in up, and is called also the {natural vowel}, as unformed by art and effort. See Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Neutral \Neu"tral\, a. [L. neutralis, fr. neuter. See {Neuter}.] 1. Not engaged on either side; not taking part with or assisting either of two or more contending parties; neuter; indifferent. The heart can not possibly remain neutral, but constantly takes part one way or the other. --Shaftesbury. 2. Neither good nor bad; of medium quality; middling; not decided or pronounced. Some things good, and some things ill, do seem, And neutral some, in her fantastic eye. --Sir J. Davies. 3. (Biol.) Neuter. See {Neuter}, a., 3. 4. (Chem.) Having neither acid nor basic properties; unable to turn red litmus blue or blue litmus red; -- said of certain salts or other compounds. Contrasted with {acid}, and {alkaline}. {Neutral axis}, {Neutral surface} (Mech.), that line or plane, in a beam under transverse pressure, at which the fibers are neither stretched nor compressed, or where the longitudinal stress is zero. See {Axis}. {Neutral equilibrium} (Mech.), the kind of equilibrium of a body so placed that when moved slighty it neither tends to return to its former position not depart more widely from it, as a perfect sphere or cylinder on a horizontal plane. {Neutral salt} (Chem.), a salt formed by the complete replacement of the hydrogen in an acid or base; in the former case by a positive or basic, in the latter by a negative or acid, element or radical. {Neutral tint}, a bluish gray pigment, used in water colors, made by mixing indigo or other blue some warm color. the shades vary greatly. {Neutral vowel}, the vowel element having an obscure and indefinite quality, such as is commonly taken by the vowel in many unaccented syllables. It is regarded by some as identical with the [ucr] in up, and is called also the {natural vowel}, as unformed by art and effort. See Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Neutral \Neu"tral\, a. [L. neutralis, fr. neuter. See {Neuter}.] 1. Not engaged on either side; not taking part with or assisting either of two or more contending parties; neuter; indifferent. The heart can not possibly remain neutral, but constantly takes part one way or the other. --Shaftesbury. 2. Neither good nor bad; of medium quality; middling; not decided or pronounced. Some things good, and some things ill, do seem, And neutral some, in her fantastic eye. --Sir J. Davies. 3. (Biol.) Neuter. See {Neuter}, a., 3. 4. (Chem.) Having neither acid nor basic properties; unable to turn red litmus blue or blue litmus red; -- said of certain salts or other compounds. Contrasted with {acid}, and {alkaline}. {Neutral axis}, {Neutral surface} (Mech.), that line or plane, in a beam under transverse pressure, at which the fibers are neither stretched nor compressed, or where the longitudinal stress is zero. See {Axis}. {Neutral equilibrium} (Mech.), the kind of equilibrium of a body so placed that when moved slighty it neither tends to return to its former position not depart more widely from it, as a perfect sphere or cylinder on a horizontal plane. {Neutral salt} (Chem.), a salt formed by the complete replacement of the hydrogen in an acid or base; in the former case by a positive or basic, in the latter by a negative or acid, element or radical. {Neutral tint}, a bluish gray pigment, used in water colors, made by mixing indigo or other blue some warm color. the shades vary greatly. {Neutral vowel}, the vowel element having an obscure and indefinite quality, such as is commonly taken by the vowel in many unaccented syllables. It is regarded by some as identical with the [ucr] in up, and is called also the {natural vowel}, as unformed by art and effort. See Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Transition zone \Tran*si"tion zone\ (Biogeography) The zone lying between the Boreal and Sonoran zones of North America. It includes an eastern or humid subdivision and a western arid one of corresponding temperature comprising the northern Great Plains and the lower slopes of the mountains of the western United States and Mexico. Called also {Neutral zone}. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Neutralist \Neu"tral*ist\, n. A neutral; one who professes or practices neutrality. --Milman. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Neutrality \Neu*tral"i*ty\, n. [Cf. F. neutralit[82].] 1. The state or quality of being neutral; the condition of being unengaged in contests between others; state of taking no part on either side; indifference. Men who possess a state of neutrality in times of public danger, desert the interest of their fellow subjects. --Addison. 2. Indifference in quality; a state neither very good nor bad. [Obs.] --Donne. 3. (Chem.) The quality or state of being neutral. See {Neutral}, a., 4. 4. (International Law) The condition of a nation or government which refrains from taking part, directly or indirectly, in a war between other powers. 5. Those who are neutral; a combination of neutral powers or states. {Armed neutrality}, the condition of a neutral power, in time of war, which holds itself ready to resist by force any aggression of either belligerent. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Neutralization \Neu`tral*i*za"tion\, n. [Cf. F. neutralisation.] 1. The act or process of neutralizing, or the state of being neutralized. 2. (Chem.) The act or process by which an acid and a base are combined in such proportions that the resulting compound is neutral. See {Neutral}, a., 4. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Neutralize \Neu"tral*ize\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Neutralized}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Neutralizing}.] [Cf. F. neutraliser.] 1. To render neutral; to reduce to a state of neutrality. So here I am neutralized again. --Sir W. Scott. 2. (Chem.) To render inert or imperceptible the peculiar affinities of, as a chemical substance; to destroy the effect of; as, to neutralize an acid with a base. 3. To destroy the peculiar or opposite dispositions of; to reduce to a state of indifference inefficience; to counteract; as, to neutralize parties in government; to neutralize efforts, opposition, etc. Counter citations that neutralize each other. --E. Everett. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Neutralize \Neu"tral*ize\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Neutralized}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Neutralizing}.] [Cf. F. neutraliser.] 1. To render neutral; to reduce to a state of neutrality. So here I am neutralized again. --Sir W. Scott. 2. (Chem.) To render inert or imperceptible the peculiar affinities of, as a chemical substance; to destroy the effect of; as, to neutralize an acid with a base. 3. To destroy the peculiar or opposite dispositions of; to reduce to a state of indifference inefficience; to counteract; as, to neutralize parties in government; to neutralize efforts, opposition, etc. Counter citations that neutralize each other. --E. Everett. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Neutralizer \Neu"tral*i`zer\, n. One who, or that which, neutralizes; that which destroys, disguises, or renders inert the peculiar properties of a body. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Neutralize \Neu"tral*ize\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Neutralized}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Neutralizing}.] [Cf. F. neutraliser.] 1. To render neutral; to reduce to a state of neutrality. So here I am neutralized again. --Sir W. Scott. 2. (Chem.) To render inert or imperceptible the peculiar affinities of, as a chemical substance; to destroy the effect of; as, to neutralize an acid with a base. 3. To destroy the peculiar or opposite dispositions of; to reduce to a state of indifference inefficience; to counteract; as, to neutralize parties in government; to neutralize efforts, opposition, etc. Counter citations that neutralize each other. --E. Everett. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Neutrally \Neu"tral*ly\, adv. In a neutral manner; without taking part with either side; indifferently. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Nitrile \Ni"trile\ (? [or] ?), n. [See {Nitro-}.] (Chem.) Any one of a series of cyanogen compounds; particularly, one of those cyanides of alcohol radicals which, by boiling with acids or alkalies, produce a carboxyl acid, with the elimination of the nitrogen as ammonia. Note: The nitriles are named with reference to the acids produced by their decomposition, thus, hydrocyanic acid is {formic nitrile}, and methyl cyanide is {acetic nitrile}. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Nitrol \Ni"trol\, n. (Chem.) Any one of a series of hydrocarbons containing the nitro and the nitroso or isonitroso group united to the same carbon atom. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Nitroleum \Ni*tro"le*um\, n. [NL., fr. L. nitrum natron + oleum oil.] (Chem.) Nitroglycerin. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Nitrolic \Ni*trol"ic\, a. (Chem.) Of, derived from, or designating, a nitrol; as, a nitrolic acid. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Nitryl \Ni"tryl\, n. [Nitro- + -yl.] (Chem.) A name sometimes given to the nitro group or radical. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Notarial \No*ta"ri*al\, a. [Cf. F. notarial.] Of or pertaining to a notary; done or taken by a notary; as, a notarial seal; notarial evidence or attestation. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Notarially \No*ta"ri*al*ly\, adv. In a notarial manner. | |
| From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]: | |
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Circular \Cir"cu*lar\, a. [L. circularis, fr. circulus circle: cf. F. circulaire. See {Circle}.] 1. In the form of, or bounded by, a circle; round. 2. repeating itself; ending in itself; reverting to the point of beginning; hence, illogical; inconclusive; as, circular reasoning. 3. Adhering to a fixed circle of legends; cyclic; hence, mean; inferior. See {Cyclic poets}, under {Cyclic}. Had Virgil been a circular poet, and closely adhered to history, how could the Romans have had Dido? --Dennis. 4. Addressed to a circle, or to a number of persons having a common interest; circulated, or intended for circulation; as, a circular letter. A proclamation of Henry III., . . . doubtless circular throughout England. --Hallam. 5. Perfect; complete. [Obs.] A man so absolute and circular In all those wished-for rarities that may take A virgin captive. --Massinger. {Circular are}, any portion of the circumference of a circle. {Circular cubics} (Math.), curves of the third order which are imagined to pass through the two circular points at infinity. {Circular functions}. (Math.) See under {Function}. {Circular instruments}, mathematical instruments employed for measuring angles, in which the graduation extends round the whole circumference of a circle, or 360[deg]. {Circular lines}, straight lines pertaining to the circle, as sines, tangents, secants, etc. {Circular} {note [or] letter}. (a) (Com.) See under {Credit}. (b) (Diplomacy) A letter addressed in identical terms to a number of persons. {Circular numbers} (Arith.), those whose powers terminate in the same digits as the roots themselves; as 5 and 6, whose squares are 25 and 36. --Bailey. --Barlow. {Circular points at infinity} (Geom.), two imaginary points at infinite distance through which every circle in the plane is, in the theory of curves, imagined to pass. {Circular polarization}. (Min.) See under {Polarization}. {Circular [or] Globular} {sailing} (Naut.), the method of sailing by the arc of a great circle. {Circular saw}. See under {Saw}. | |
| From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]: | |
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Natural Bridge, NY Zip code(s): 13665 Natural Bridge, VA Zip code(s): 24578 | |
| From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]: | |
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Natural Bridge S, VA Zip code(s): 24579 | |
| From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]: | |
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Natural Dam, AR Zip code(s): 72948 | |
| From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]: | |
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Nederland, CO (town, FIPS 53175) Location: 39.96260 N, 105.50530 W Population (1990): 1099 (585 housing units) Area: 3.6 sq km (land), 0.1 sq km (water) Zip code(s): 80466 Nederland, TX (city, FIPS 50580) Location: 29.97070 N, 93.99594 W Population (1990): 16192 (6501 housing units) Area: 12.9 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water) Zip code(s): 77627 | |
| From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]: | |
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Niederwald, TX (town, FIPS 51492) Location: 30.01328 N, 97.73685 W Population (1990): 233 (90 housing units) Area: 4.5 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water) | |
| From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]: | |
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NATURAL An integrated {4GL} from {Software AG}, Germany. The menu-driven version is SUPER/NATURAL. Natural 2 is a major upgrade to Natural 1. Version 2.1.7 in the MVS environment (June 1995, also available for Unix). Natural works with {DB2} and various other {databases}, but Natural and {Adabas} normally go together. There are many products available in the "Natural" family, including SuperNatural, Natural for Windows, Entire Connection (enables up/downloading and interaction with {Excel}) and Esperant. (1995-11-14) | |
| From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]: | |
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natural deduction constructed in {predicate logic}. In the traditional notation, a horizontal line separates {premises} (above) from {conclusions} (below). Vertical ellipsis (dots) stand for a series of applications of the rules. "T" is the constant "true" and "F" is the constant "false" (sometimes written with a {LaTeX} {\perp}). "^" is the AND ({conjunction}) operator, "v" is the inclusive OR ({disjunction}) operator and "/" is NOT (negation or {complement}, normally written with a {LaTeX} {\neg}). P, Q, P1, P2, etc. stand for {propositions} such as "Socrates was a man". P[x] is a proposition possibly containing instances of the variable x, e.g. "x can fly". A proof (a sequence of applications of the rules) may be enclosed in a box. A boxed proof produces conclusions that are only valid given the assumptions made inside the box, however, the proof demonstrates certain relationships which are valid outside the box. For example, the box below labelled "Implication introduction" starts by assuming P, which need not be a true {proposition} so long as it can be used to derive Q. Truth introduction: - T (Truth is free). Binary AND introduction: ----------- | . | . | | . | . | | Q1 | Q2 | ----------- Q1 ^ Q2 (If we can derive both Q1 and Q2 then Q1^Q2 is true). N-ary AND introduction: ---------------- | . | .. | . | | . | .. | . | | Q1 | .. | Qn | ---------------- Q1^..^Qi^..^Qn Other n-ary rules follow the binary versions similarly. Quantified AND introduction: --------- | x . | | . | | Q[x] | --------- For all x . Q[x] (If we can prove Q for arbitrary x then Q is true for all x). Falsity elimination: F - Q (Falsity opens the floodgates). OR elimination: P1 v P2 ----------- | P1 | P2 | | . | . | | . | . | | Q | Q | ----------- Q (Given P1 v P2, if Q follows from both then Q is true). Exists elimination: Exists x . P[x] ----------- | x P[x] | | . | | . | | Q | ----------- Q (If Q follows from P[x] for arbitrary x and such an x exists then Q is true). OR introduction 1: P1 ------- P1 v P2 (If P1 is true then P1 OR anything is true). OR introduction 2: P2 ------- P1 v P2 (If P2 is true then anything OR P2 is true). Similar symmetries apply to ^ rules. Exists introduction: P[a] ------------- Exists x.P[x] (If P is true for "a" then it is true for all x). AND elimination 1: P1 ^ P2 ------- P1 (If P1 and P2 are true then P1 is true). For all elimination: For all x . P[x] ---------------- P[a] (If P is true for all x then it is true for "a"). For all implication introduction: ----------- | x P[x] | | . | | . | | Q[x] | ----------- For all x . P[x] -> Q[x] (If Q follows from P for arbitrary x then Q follows from P for all x). Implication introduction: ----- | P | | . | | . | | Q | ----- P -> Q (If Q follows from P then P implies Q). NOT introduction: ----- | P | | . | | . | | F | ----- / P (If falsity follows from P then P is false). NOT-NOT: //P --- P (If it is not the case that P is not true then P is true). For all implies exists: P[a] For all x . P[x] -> Q[x] ------------------------------- Q[a] (If P is true for given "a" and P implies Q for all x then Q is true for a). Implication elimination, modus ponens: P P -> Q ---------- Q (If P and P implies Q then Q). NOT elimination, contradiction: P /P ------ F (If P is true and P is not true then false is true). (1995-01-16) | |
| From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]: | |
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Natural English Programming in normal, spoken English. [Sammet 1969, p.768]. | |
| From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]: | |
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natural language opposed to a language use to program or communicate with computers. Natural language understanding is one of the hardest problems of {artificial intelligence} due to the complexity, irregularity and diversity of human language and the philosophical problems of meaning. See also {Pleuk grammar development system}, {proof}. {An on-line demonstration (http://sakharov.ai.mit.edu/Start)}. {New York U (http://www.nyu.edu/pages/linguistics/ling.html)}. (1995-04-24) | |
| From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]: | |
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Natural Language Information Analysis Method (NIAM, or Nijssen IAM) A method for {data model}ling. ["Conceptual Scheme and Relational Database Design", Nijssen and Halpin, Prentice-Hall, 1989]. (1995-03-31) | |
| From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]: | |
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natural language processing analysis, manipulation, and/or generation of {natural language}. This can refer to anything from fairly simple string-manipulation tasks like {stemming}, or building concordances of natural language texts, to higher-level {AI}-like tasks like processing user {queries} in {natural language}. (1997-09-12) | |
| From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]: | |
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natural number natural number is an {isomorphism class} of a finite set. (1995-03-25) | |
| From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]: | |
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NetWare Link State Protocol for exchange of {routing} information in a {Novell} {network}. NLSP supersedes Novell's {RIP}. (1997-03-04) | |
| From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (15Feb98) [foldoc]: | |
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Neutral Interconnect Network infrastructure where network service providers can freely exchange traffic without policy restrictions. Examples are the GIX (Global Internet Exchange) at MAE-East (A Metropolitan Area Ethernet around Washington), and the Ebone (European Backbone). There is currently (November 1993) no UK Neutral Interconnect. | |
| From The CIA World Factbook (1995) [world95]: | |
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Netherlands Netherlands:Geography Location: Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between Belgium and Germany Map references: Europe Area: total area: 37,330 sq km land area: 33,920 sq km comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of New Jersey Land boundaries: total 1,027 km, Belgium 450 km, Germany 577 km Coastline: 451 km Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: none Climate: temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters Terrain: mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land (polders); some hills in southeast Natural resources: natural gas, petroleum, fertile soil Land use: arable land: 26% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 32% forest and woodland: 9% other: 32% Irrigated land: 5,500 sq km (1989 est.) Environment: current issues: water pollution in the form of heavy metals, organic compounds, and nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates; air pollution from vehicles and refining activities; acid rain natural hazards: the extensive system of dikes and dams, protects nearly one-half of the total area from being flooded international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Biodiversity, Desertification, Law of the Sea Note: located at mouths of three major European rivers (Rhine, Maas or Meuse, and Schelde) Netherlands:People Population: 15,452,903 (July 1995 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 18% (female 1,382,057; male 1,445,451) 15-64 years: 68% (female 5,184,224; male 5,369,018) 65 years and over: 14% (female 1,238,336; male 833,817) (July 1995 est.) Population growth rate: 0.52% (1995 est.) Birth rate: 12.42 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) Death rate: 8.48 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) Net migration rate: 1.29 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 77.95 years male: 74.9 years female: 81.17 years (1995 est.) Total fertility rate: 1.56 children born/woman (1995 est.) Nationality: noun: Dutchman(men), Dutchwoman(women) adjective: Dutch Ethnic divisions: Dutch 96%, Moroccans, Turks, and other 4% (1988) Religions: Roman Catholic 34%, Protestant 25%, Muslim 3%, other 2%, unaffiliated 36% (1991) Languages: Dutch Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1979 est.) total population: 99% Labor force: 6.4 million (1993) by occupation: services 71.4%, manufacturing and construction 24.6%, agriculture 4.0% (1992) Netherlands:Government Names: conventional long form: Kingdom of the Netherlands conventional short form: Netherlands local long form: Koninkrijk de Nederlanden local short form: Nederland Digraph: NL Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: Amsterdam; The Hague is the seat of government Administrative divisions: 12 provinces (provincien, singular - provincie); Drenthe, Flevoland, Friesland, Gelderland, Groningen, Limburg, Noord-Brabant, Noord-Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland, Zuid-Holland Dependent areas: Aruba, Netherlands Antilles Independence: 1579 (from Spain) National holiday: Queen's Day, 30 April (1938) Constitution: 17 February 1983 Legal system: civil law system incorporating French penal theory; judicial review in the Supreme Court of legislation of lower order rather than Acts of the States General; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Executive branch: chief of state: Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980); Heir Apparent WILLEM-ALEXANDER, Prince of Orange, son of Queen Beatrix (born 27 April 1967) head of government: Prime Minister Willem (Wim) KOK (since 22 August 1994); Vice Prime Minister Hans DIJKSTAL and Hans VAN MIERLO (since 22 August 1994) cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the prime minister Legislative branch: bicameral legislature (Staten Generaal) First Chamber (Eerste Kamer): members indirectly elected by the country's 12 provincial councils for four-year terms; elections last held 9 June l991 (next to be held 9 June 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (75 total) number of seats by party NA Second Chamber (Tweede Kamer): members directly elected for four-year terms; elections last held on 3 May 1994 (next to be held in May 1999); results - PvdA 24.3%, CDA 22.3%, VVD 20.4%, D'66 16.5%, other 16.5%; seats - (150 total) PvdA 37, CDA 34, VVD 31, D'66 24, other 24 Judicial branch: Supreme Court (De Hoge Raad) Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), Hans HELGERS; Labor (PvdA), Wim KOK; Liberal (VVD - People's Party for Freedom and Democracy), Frits BOLKESTEIN; Democrats '66 (D'66), Hans van MIERLO; a host of minor parties Other political or pressure groups: large multinational firms; Federation of Netherlands Trade Union Movement (comprising Socialist and Catholic trade unions) and a Protestant trade union; Federation of Catholic and Protestant Employers Associations; the nondenominational Federation of Netherlands Enterprises; and Interchurch Peace Council (IKV) Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, ESCAP, FAO, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNOMOZ, UNOMUR, UNPROFOR, UNTSO, UNU, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Adriaan JACOBOVITS DE SZEGED chancery: 4200 Linnean Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 244-5300 FAX: [1] (202) 362-3430 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Kirk Terry DORNBUSH embassy: Lange Voorhout 102, 2514 EJ The Hague mailing address: PSC 71, Box 1000, the Hague; APO AE 09715 telephone: [31] (70) 310-9209 FAX: [31] (70) 361-4688 consulate(s) general: Amsterdam Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue; similar to the flag of Luxembourg, which uses a lighter blue and is longer Economy Overview: This highly developed and affluent economy is based on private enterprise. The government makes its presence felt, however, through many regulations, permit requirements, and welfare programs affecting most aspects of economic activity. The trade and financial services sector contributes over 50% of GDP. Industrial activity provides about 25% of GDP and is led by the food-processing, oil-refining, and metalworking industries. The highly mechanized agricultural sector employs only 4% of the labor force, but provides large surpluses for export and the domestic food-processing industry. Indeed the Netherlands ranks third worldwide in value of agricultural exports, behind the US and France. High unemployment and a sizable budget deficit are currently the most serious economic problems. Many of the economic issues of the 1990s will reflect the course of European economic integration. National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $275.8 billion (1994 est.) National product real growth rate: 2% (1994 est.) National product per capita: $17,940 (1994 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.5% (December 1994) Unemployment rate: 8.8% (December 1994) Budget: revenues: $109.9 billion expenditures: $122.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992 est.) Exports: $153 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) commodities: metal products, chemicals, processed food and tobacco, agricultural products partners: EC 77% (Germany 27%, Belgium-Luxembourg 15%, UK 10%), Central and Eastern Europe 10%, US 4% (1991) Imports: $137 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) commodities: raw materials and semifinished products, consumer goods, transportation equipment, crude oil, food products partners: EC 64% (Germany 26%, Belgium-Luxembourg 14%, UK 8%), US 8% (1991) External debt: $0 Industrial production: growth rate -1.5% (1993 est.); accounts for 25% of GDP Electricity: capacity: 17,520,000 kW production: 72.4 billion kWh consumption per capita: 5,100 kWh (1993) Industries: agroindustries, metal and engineering products, electrical machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum, fishing, construction, microelectronics Agriculture: accounts for 4.6% of GDP; animal production predominates; crops - grains, potatoes, sugar beets, fruits, vegetables; shortages of grain, fats, and oils Illicit drugs: important gateway for cocaine, heroin, and hashish entering Europe; European producer of illicit amphetamines and other synthetic drugs Economic aid: donor: ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $19.4 billion Currency: 1 Netherlands guilder, gulden, or florin (f.) = 100 cents Exchange rates: Netherlands guilders, gulden, or florins (f.) per US$1 - 1.7178 (January 1995), 1.8200 (1994), 1.8573 (1993), 1.7585 (1992), 1.8697 (1991), 1.8209 (1990) Fiscal year: calendar year Netherlands:Transportation Railroads: total: 2,757 km standard gauge: 2,757 km km 1.435-m gauge (1,991 km electrified; 1,800 km double track) (1994) Highways: total: 104,831 km paved: 92,251 km (2,118 km of expressway) unpaved: gravel, crushed stone 12,580 km (1992) Inland waterways: 6,340 km, of which 35% is usable by craft of 1,000 metric ton capacity or larger Pipelines: crude oil 418 km; petroleum products 965 km; natural gas 10,230 km Ports: Amsterdam, Delfzijl, Dordrecht, Eemshaven, Groningen, Haarlem, Ijmuiden, Maastricht, Rotterdam, Terneuzen, Utrecht Merchant marine: total: 343 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,629,578 GRT/3,337,307 DWT ships by type: bulk 2, cargo 195, chemical tanker 21, combination bulk 3, container 33, liquefied gas tanker 12, livestock carrier 1, multifunction large-load carrier 1, oil tanker 37, railcar carrier 1, refrigerated cargo 18, roll-on/roll-off cargo 14, short-sea passenger 3, specialized tanker 2 note: many Dutch-owned ships are also registered on the Netherlands Antilles register Airports: total: 29 with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 9 with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 with paved runways under 914 m: 8 with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3 Netherlands:Communications Telephone system: 9,418,000 telephones; highly developed, well maintained, and integrated; extensive redundant system of multiconductor cables, supplemented by microwave radio relay links local: nationwide mobile phone system intercity: microwave radio relay international: 5 submarine cables; 3 INTELSAT (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean) and 1 EUTELSAT earth station Radio: broadcast stations: AM 3 (relays 3), FM 12 (repeaters 39), shortwave 0 radios: NA Television: broadcast stations: 8 (repeaters 7) televisions: NA Netherlands:Defense Forces Branches: Royal Netherlands Army, Royal Netherlands Navy (includes Naval Air Service and Marine Corps), Royal Netherlands Air Force, Royal Constabulary Manpower availability: males age 15-49 4,177,555; males fit for military service 3,656,529; males reach military age (20) annually 94,771 (1995 est.) Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $7.1 billion, 2.2% of GDP (1994) | |
| From The CIA World Factbook (1995) [world95]: | |
|
Netherlands Antilles (part of the Dutch realm) Netherlands Antilles:Geography Location: Caribbean, two island groups in the Caribbean Sea - one includes Curacao and Bonaire north of Venezuela and the other is east of the Virgin Islands Map references: Central America and the Caribbean Area: total area: 960 sq km land area: 960 sq km comparative area: slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, DC note: includes Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten (Dutch part of the island of Saint Martin) Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 364 km Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: none Climate: tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds Terrain: generally hilly, volcanic interiors Natural resources: phosphates (Curacao only), salt (Bonaire only) Land use: arable land: 8% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 92% Irrigated land: NA sq km Environment: current issues: NA natural hazards: Curacao and Bonaire are south of Caribbean hurricane belt, so rarely threatened; Sint Maarten, Saba, and Sint Eustatius are subject to hurricanes from July to October international agreements: party to - Whaling (extended from Netherlands) Netherlands Antilles:People Population: 203,505 (July 1995 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 26% (female 25,349; male 26,577) 15-64 years: 67% (female 69,273; male 67,485) 65 years and over: 7% (female 8,599; male 6,222) (July 1995 est.) Population growth rate: 1.06% (1995 est.) Birth rate: 16.23 births/1,000 population (1995 est.) Death rate: 5.26 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.) Net migration rate: -0.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) Infant mortality rate: 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 76.94 years male: 74.67 years female: 79.33 years (1995 est.) Total fertility rate: 1.9 children born/woman (1995 est.) Nationality: noun: Netherlands Antillean(s) adjective: Netherlands Antillean Ethnic divisions: mixed African 85%, Carib Indian, European, Latin, Oriental Religions: Roman Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, Seventh-Day Adventist Languages: Dutch (official), Papiamento a Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect predominates, English widely spoken, Spanish Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1981) total population: 98% male: 98% female: 99% Labor force: 89,000 by occupation: government 65%, industry and commerce 28% (1983) Netherlands Antilles:Government Names: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Netherlands Antilles local long form: none local short form: Nederlandse Antillen Digraph: NT Type: part of the Dutch realm; full autonomy in internal affairs granted in 1954 Capital: Willemstad Administrative divisions: none (part of the Dutch realm) Independence: none (part of the Dutch realm) National holiday: Queen's Day, 30 April (1938) Constitution: 29 December 1954, Statute of the Realm of the Netherlands, as amended Legal system: based on Dutch civil law system, with some English common law influence Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Executive branch: chief of state: Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980), represented by Governor General Jaime SALEH (since NA October 1989) head of government: Prime Minister Miguel POURIER (since 25 February 1994) cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed with the advice and approval of the unicameral legislature Legislative branch: unicameral Staten: elections last held on 25 February 1994 (next to be held March 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (23 total) PAR 8, PNP 3, SPA 2, PDB 2, UPB 1, MAN 2, DP 1, WIPM 1, DP-St.E 1, DP-St.M 1, Nos Patria 1 note: the government of Prime Minister Miguel POURIER is a coalition of several parties Judicial branch: Joint High Court of Justice Political parties and leaders: political parties are indigenous to each island Bonaire: Patriotic Union of Bonaire (UPB), Rudy ELLIS; Democratic Party of Bonaire (PDB), Franklin CRESTIAN Curacao: Antillean Restructuring Party (PAR), Miguel POURIER; National People's Party (PNP), Maria LIBERIA-PETERS; New Antilles Movement (MAN), Domenico Felip Don MARTINA; Workers' Liberation Front (FOL), Wilson (Papa) GODETT; Socialist Independent (SI), George HUECK and Nelson MONTE; Democratic Party of Curacao (DP), Augustin DIAZ; Nos Patria, Chin BEHILIA Saba: Windward Islands People's Movement (WIPM Saba), Will JOHNSON; Saba Democratic Labor Movement, Vernon HASSELL; Saba Unity Party, Carmen SIMMONDS Sint Eustatius: Democratic Party of Sint Eustatius (DP-St.E), K. Van PUTTEN; Windward Islands People's Movement (WIPM); St. Eustatius Alliance (SEA), Ralph BERKEL Sint Maarten: Democratic Party of Sint Maarten (DP-St.M), Claude WATHEY; Patriotic Movement of Sint Maarten (SPA), Vance JAMES Member of: CARICOM (observer), ECLAC (associate), ICFTU, INTERPOL, IOC, UNESCO (associate), UPU, WMO, WTO (associate) Diplomatic representation in US: none (self-governing part of the Netherlands) US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Consul General Bernard J. WOERZ consulate(s) general: Saint Anna Boulevard 19, Willemstad, Curacao mailing address: P. O. Box 158, Willemstad, Curacao telephone: [599] (9) 61-3066 FAX: [599] (9) 61-6489 Flag: white with a horizontal blue stripe in the center superimposed on a vertical red band also centered; five white five-pointed stars are arranged in an oval pattern in the center of the blue band; the five stars represent the five main islands of Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten Economy Overview: Tourism and offshore finance are the mainstays of the economy. The islands enjoy a high per capita income and a well-developed infrastructure as compared with other countries in the region. Almost all consumer and capital goods are imported, with Venezuela and the US being the major suppliers. Poor soils and inadequate water supplies hamper the development of agriculture. National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $1.85 billion (1993 est.) National product real growth rate: 1.8% (1994 est.) National product per capita: $10,000 (1993 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.5% (1994 est.) Unemployment rate: 13.4% (1993 est.) Budget: revenues: $209 million expenditures: $232 million, including capital expenditures of $8 million (1992 est.) Exports: $240 million (f.o.b., 1993) commodities: petroleum products 98% partners: US 39%, Brazil 9%, Colombia 6% Imports: $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1993) commodities: crude petroleum 64%, food, manufactures partners: Venezuela 26%, US 18%, Colombia 6%, Netherlands 6%, Japan 5% External debt: $672 million (December 1991) Industrial production: growth rate NA% Electricity: capacity: 200,000 kW production: 810 million kWh consumption per capita: 4,054 kWh (1993) Industries: tourism (Curacao and Sint Maarten), petroleum refining (Curacao), petroleum transshipment facilities (Curacao and Bonaire), light manufacturing (Curacao) Agriculture: chief products - aloes, sorghum, peanuts, vegetables, tropical fruit Illicit drugs: money-laundering center; transshipment point for South American cocaine and marijuana bound for the US and Europe Economic aid: recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $513 million Currency: 1 Netherlands Antillean guilder, gulden, or florin (NAf.) = 100 cents Exchange rates: Netherlands Antillean guilders, gulden, or florins (NAf.) per US$1 - 1.79 (fixed rate since 1989; 1.80 fixed rate 1971-88) Fiscal year: calendar year Netherlands Antilles:Transportation Railroads: 0 km Highways: total: 950 km paved: 300 km unpaved: gravel, earth 650 km Ports: Kralendijk, Philipsburg, Willemstad Merchant marine: total: 110 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,044,553 GRT/1,343,842 DWT ships by type: barge carrier 1, bulk 2, cargo 36, chemical tanker 6, combination ore/oil 1, liquefied gas tanker 4, multifunction large-load carrier 20, oil tanker 2, passenger 4, refrigerated cargo 27, roll-on/roll-off cargo 7 Airports: total: 5 with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1 with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1 with paved runways under 914 m: 1 Netherlands Antilles:Communications Telephone system: NA telephones; generally adequate facilities local: NA intercity: extensive interisland microwave radio relay links international: 2 submarine cables; 2 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth stations Radio: broadcast stations: AM 9, FM 4, shortwave 0 radios: NA Television: broadcast stations: 1 televisions: NA Netherlands Antilles:Defense Forces Branches: Royal Netherlands Navy, Marine Corps, Royal Netherlands Air Force, National Guard, Police Force Manpower availability: males age 15-49 56,058; males fit for military service 31,558; males reach military age (20) annually 1,734 (1995 est.) Note: defense is responsibility of the Netherlands | |
