Jaroslav Hasek
         n 1: Czech author of novels and short stories (1883-1923) [syn:
               {Hasek}, {Jaroslav Hasek}]

English Dictionary: Jerusalem thorn	by the DICT Development Group
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
jerkily adv with spasms; "the mouth was slightly open, and jerked violently and spasmodically at one corner" Synonym(s): spasmodically, jerkily with jerking motions; "She rose stiffly, jerkily from the window seat"
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Jersey elm n a variety of the English elm with erect branches and broader leaves Synonym(s): Jersey elm, guernsey elm, wheately elm, Ulmus sarniensis, Ulmus campestris sarniensis, Ulmus campestris wheatleyi
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Jersey Lillie n British actress and mistress of the prince who later became Edward VII (1853-1929) Synonym(s): Langtry, Lillie Langtry, Jersey Lillie, Emilie Charlotte le Breton
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Jerusalem n capital and largest city of the modern state of Israel (although its status as capital is disputed); it was captured from Jordan in 1967 in the Six Day War; a holy city for Jews and Christians and Muslims; was the capital of an ancient kingdom Synonym(s): Jerusalem, capital of Israel
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Jerusalem artichoke n edible tuber of the Jerusalem artichoke tall perennial with hairy stems and leaves; widely cultivated for its large irregular edible tubers Synonym(s): Jerusalem artichoke, girasol, Jerusalem artichoke sunflower, Helianthus tuberosus sunflower tuber eaten raw or boiled or sliced thin and fried as Saratoga chips Synonym(s): Jerusalem artichoke, sunchoke
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Jerusalem artichoke sunflower n tall perennial with hairy stems and leaves; widely cultivated for its large irregular edible tubers Synonym(s): Jerusalem artichoke, girasol, Jerusalem artichoke sunflower, Helianthus tuberosus
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Jerusalem cherry n small South American shrub cultivated as a houseplant for its abundant ornamental but poisonous red or yellow cherry- sized fruit Synonym(s): Jerusalem cherry, winter cherry, Madeira winter cherry, Solanum pseudocapsicum
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Jerusalem cricket n large wingless nocturnal grasshopper that burrows in loose soil along the Pacific coast of the United States Synonym(s): sand cricket, Jerusalem cricket, Stenopelmatus fuscus
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Jerusalem cross n a cross with equal arms, each terminating in a small crossbar
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Jerusalem oak n Eurasian aromatic oak-leaved goosefoot with many yellow- green flowers; naturalized North America Synonym(s): Jerusalem oak, feather geranium, Mexican tea, Chenopodium botrys, Atriplex mexicana
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Jerusalem sage n a spreading subshrub of Mediterranean regions cultivated for dense axillary whorls of purple or yellow flowers Synonym(s): Jerusalem sage, Phlomis fruticosa
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Jerusalem thorn n thorny Eurasian shrub with dry woody winged fruit [syn: Christ's-thorn, Jerusalem thorn, Paliurus spina- christi] spiny tree having dark red edible fruits Synonym(s): jujube, jujube bush, Christ's-thorn, Jerusalem thorn, Ziziphus jujuba large shrub or shrubby tree having sharp spines and pinnate leaves with small deciduous leaflets and sweet-scented racemose yellow-orange flowers; grown as ornamentals or hedging or emergency food for livestock; tropical America but naturalized in southern United States Synonym(s): Jerusalem thorn, horsebean, Parkinsonia aculeata East Indian spiny tree having twice-pinnate leaves and yellow flowers followed by flat pods; source of black catechu Synonym(s): catechu, Jerusalem thorn, Acacia catechu
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Jerusalem Warriors n ethnic Turkish Sunni terrorists who are linked with the Turkish Hizballah; killed a United States Air Force sergeant in 1991
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Jorge Luis Borges n Argentinian writer remembered for his short stories (1899-1986) Synonym(s): Borges, Jorge Borges, Jorge Luis Borges
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
Joroslav Heyrovsky n Czechoslovakian chemist who developed polarography (1890-1967) Synonym(s): Heyrovsky, Joroslav Heyrovsky
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Jargle \Jar"gle\, v. i. [Cf. OSw. jerga to repeat angrily, to       brawl, Icel. jarg tedious iteration, F. jargonner to talk       jargon. See {Jargon} gabble.]       To emit a harsh or discordant sound. [Obs.] --Bp. Hall.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Jerusalem \Je*ru"sa*lem\, n. [Gr. [?], fr. Heb.       Y[?]r[?]sh[be]laim.]       The chief city of Palestine, intimately associated with the       glory of the Jewish nation, and the life and death of Jesus       Christ.          {Jerusalem artichoke} [Perh. a corrupt. of It. girasole i.e.,             sunflower, or turnsole. See {Gyre}, {Solar}.] (Bot.)       (a) An American plant, a perennial species of sunflower             ({Helianthus tuberosus}), whose tubers are sometimes used             as food.       (b) One of the tubers themselves.          {Jerusalem cherry} (Bot.), the popular name of either of             either of two species of {Solanum} ({S. Pseudo-capsicum}             and {S. capsicastrum}), cultivated as ornamental house             plants. They bear bright red berries of about the size of             cherries.          {Jerusalem oak} (Bot.), an aromatic goosefoot ({Chenopodium             Botrys}), common about houses and along roadsides.          {Jerusalem sage} (Bot.), a perennial herb of the Mint family             ({Phlomis tuberosa}).          {Jerusalem thorn} (Bot.), a spiny, leguminous tree             ({Parkinsonia aculeata}), widely dispersed in warm             countries, and used for hedges.          {The New Jerusalem}, Heaven; the Celestial City.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Jerusalem \Je*ru"sa*lem\, n. [Gr. [?], fr. Heb.       Y[?]r[?]sh[be]laim.]       The chief city of Palestine, intimately associated with the       glory of the Jewish nation, and the life and death of Jesus       Christ.          {Jerusalem artichoke} [Perh. a corrupt. of It. girasole i.e.,             sunflower, or turnsole. See {Gyre}, {Solar}.] (Bot.)       (a) An American plant, a perennial species of sunflower             ({Helianthus tuberosus}), whose tubers are sometimes used             as food.       (b) One of the tubers themselves.          {Jerusalem cherry} (Bot.), the popular name of either of             either of two species of {Solanum} ({S. Pseudo-capsicum}             and {S. capsicastrum}), cultivated as ornamental house             plants. They bear bright red berries of about the size of             cherries.          {Jerusalem oak} (Bot.), an aromatic goosefoot ({Chenopodium             Botrys}), common about houses and along roadsides.          {Jerusalem sage} (Bot.), a perennial herb of the Mint family             ({Phlomis tuberosa}).          {Jerusalem thorn} (Bot.), a spiny, leguminous tree             ({Parkinsonia aculeata}), widely dispersed in warm             countries, and used for hedges.          {The New Jerusalem}, Heaven; the Celestial City.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Jerusalem \Je*ru"sa*lem\, n. [Gr. [?], fr. Heb.       Y[?]r[?]sh[be]laim.]       The chief city of Palestine, intimately associated with the       glory of the Jewish nation, and the life and death of Jesus       Christ.          {Jerusalem artichoke} [Perh. a corrupt. of It. girasole i.e.,             sunflower, or turnsole. See {Gyre}, {Solar}.] (Bot.)       (a) An American plant, a perennial species of sunflower             ({Helianthus tuberosus}), whose tubers are sometimes used             as food.       (b) One of the tubers themselves.          {Jerusalem cherry} (Bot.), the popular name of either of             either of two species of {Solanum} ({S. Pseudo-capsicum}             and {S. capsicastrum}), cultivated as ornamental house             plants. They bear bright red berries of about the size of             cherries.          {Jerusalem oak} (Bot.), an aromatic goosefoot ({Chenopodium             Botrys}), common about houses and along roadsides.          {Jerusalem sage} (Bot.), a perennial herb of the Mint family             ({Phlomis tuberosa}).          {Jerusalem thorn} (Bot.), a spiny, leguminous tree             ({Parkinsonia aculeata}), widely dispersed in warm             countries, and used for hedges.          {The New Jerusalem}, Heaven; the Celestial City.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Cucumber \Cu"cum*ber\ (k?`k?m-b?r, formerly kou"k?m-b?r), n.[OE.       cucumer, cocumber, cucumber, fr. L. cucmis, gen. cucumeris;       cf. OF. cocombre,F. concombre.] (Bot.)       A creeping plant, and its fruit, of several species of the       genus {Cucumis}, esp. {Cucumis sativus}, the unripe fruit of       which is eaten either fresh or picked. Also, similar plants       or fruits of several other genera. See below.          {Bitter cucumber} (Bot.), the {Citrullus [or] Cucumis             Colocynthis}. See {Colocynth}.          {Cucumber beetle.} (Zo[94]l.)       (a) A small, black flea-beetle ({Crepidodera cucumeris}),             which destroys the leaves of cucumber, squash, and melon             vines.       (b) The squash beetle.          {Cucumber tree}.       (a) A large ornamental or shade tree of the genus {Magnolia}             {(M. acuminata)}, so called from a slight resemblance of             its young fruit to a small cucumber.       (b) An East Indian plant ({Averrhoa Bilimbi}) which produces             the fruit known as bilimbi.          {Jamaica cucumber}, {Jerusalem cucumber}, the prickly-fruited             gherkin ({Cucumis Anguria}).          {Snake cucumber}, a species ({Cucumis flexuosus}) remarkable             for its long, curiously-shaped fruit.          {Squirting cucumber}, a plant ({Ecbalium Elaterium}) whose             small oval fruit separates from the footstalk when ripe             and expels its seeds and juice with considerable force             through the opening thus made. See {Elaterium}.          {Star cucumber}, a climbing weed ({Sicyos angulatus}) with             prickly fruit.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Jerusalem \Je*ru"sa*lem\, n. [Gr. [?], fr. Heb.       Y[?]r[?]sh[be]laim.]       The chief city of Palestine, intimately associated with the       glory of the Jewish nation, and the life and death of Jesus       Christ.          {Jerusalem artichoke} [Perh. a corrupt. of It. girasole i.e.,             sunflower, or turnsole. See {Gyre}, {Solar}.] (Bot.)       (a) An American plant, a perennial species of sunflower             ({Helianthus tuberosus}), whose tubers are sometimes used             as food.       (b) One of the tubers themselves.          {Jerusalem cherry} (Bot.), the popular name of either of             either of two species of {Solanum} ({S. Pseudo-capsicum}             and {S. capsicastrum}), cultivated as ornamental house             plants. They bear bright red berries of about the size of             cherries.          {Jerusalem oak} (Bot.), an aromatic goosefoot ({Chenopodium             Botrys}), common about houses and along roadsides.          {Jerusalem sage} (Bot.), a perennial herb of the Mint family             ({Phlomis tuberosa}).          {Jerusalem thorn} (Bot.), a spiny, leguminous tree             ({Parkinsonia aculeata}), widely dispersed in warm             countries, and used for hedges.          {The New Jerusalem}, Heaven; the Celestial City.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Oak \Oak\ ([omac]k), n. [OE. oke, ok, ak, AS. [be]c; akin to D.       eik, G. eiche, OHG. eih, Icel. eik, Sw. ek, Dan. eeg.]       1. (Bot.) Any tree or shrub of the genus {Quercus}. The oaks             have alternate leaves, often variously lobed, and             staminate flowers in catkins. The fruit is a smooth nut,             called an {acorn}, which is more or less inclosed in a             scaly involucre called the cup or cupule. There are now             recognized about three hundred species, of which nearly             fifty occur in the United States, the rest in Europe,             Asia, and the other parts of North America, a very few             barely reaching the northern parts of South America and             Africa. Many of the oaks form forest trees of grand             proportions and live many centuries. The wood is usually             hard and tough, and provided with conspicuous medullary             rays, forming the silver grain.          2. The strong wood or timber of the oak.          Note: Among the true oaks in America are:          {Barren oak}, or          {Black-jack}, {Q. nigra}.          {Basket oak}, {Q. Michauxii}.          {Black oak}, {Q. tinctoria}; -- called also {yellow} or             {quercitron oak}.          {Bur oak} (see under {Bur}.), {Q. macrocarpa}; -- called also             {over-cup} or {mossy-cup oak}.          {Chestnut oak}, {Q. Prinus} and {Q. densiflora}.          {Chinquapin oak} (see under {Chinquapin}), {Q. prinoides}.          {Coast live oak}, {Q. agrifolia}, of California; -- also             called {enceno}.          {Live oak} (see under {Live}), {Q. virens}, the best of all             for shipbuilding; also, {Q. Chrysolepis}, of California.                      {Pin oak}. Same as {Swamp oak}.          {Post oak}, {Q. obtusifolia}.          {Red oak}, {Q. rubra}.          {Scarlet oak}, {Q. coccinea}.          {Scrub oak}, {Q. ilicifolia}, {Q. undulata}, etc.          {Shingle oak}, {Q. imbricaria}.          {Spanish oak}, {Q. falcata}.          {Swamp Spanish oak}, or          {Pin oak}, {Q. palustris}.          {Swamp white oak}, {Q. bicolor}.          {Water oak}, {Q. aguatica}.          {Water white oak}, {Q. lyrata}.          {Willow oak}, {Q. Phellos}. Among the true oaks in Europe             are:          {Bitter oak}, [or]          {Turkey oak}, {Q. Cerris} (see {Cerris}).          {Cork oak}, {Q. Suber}.          {English white oak}, {Q. Robur}.          {Evergreen oak},          {Holly oak}, [or]          {Holm oak}, {Q. Ilex}.          {Kermes oak}, {Q. coccifera}.          {Nutgall oak}, {Q. infectoria}.          Note: Among plants called oak, but not of the genus                {Quercus}, are:          {African oak}, a valuable timber tree ({Oldfieldia             Africana}).          {Australian, [or] She}, {oak}, any tree of the genus             {Casuarina} (see {Casuarina}).          {Indian oak}, the teak tree (see {Teak}).          {Jerusalem oak}. See under {Jerusalem}.          {New Zealand oak}, a sapindaceous tree ({Alectryon             excelsum}).          {Poison oak}, the poison ivy. See under {Poison}.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Jerusalem \Je*ru"sa*lem\, n. [Gr. [?], fr. Heb.       Y[?]r[?]sh[be]laim.]       The chief city of Palestine, intimately associated with the       glory of the Jewish nation, and the life and death of Jesus       Christ.          {Jerusalem artichoke} [Perh. a corrupt. of It. girasole i.e.,             sunflower, or turnsole. See {Gyre}, {Solar}.] (Bot.)       (a) An American plant, a perennial species of sunflower             ({Helianthus tuberosus}), whose tubers are sometimes used             as food.       (b) One of the tubers themselves.          {Jerusalem cherry} (Bot.), the popular name of either of             either of two species of {Solanum} ({S. Pseudo-capsicum}             and {S. capsicastrum}), cultivated as ornamental house             plants. They bear bright red berries of about the size of             cherries.          {Jerusalem oak} (Bot.), an aromatic goosefoot ({Chenopodium             Botrys}), common about houses and along roadsides.          {Jerusalem sage} (Bot.), a perennial herb of the Mint family             ({Phlomis tuberosa}).          {Jerusalem thorn} (Bot.), a spiny, leguminous tree             ({Parkinsonia aculeata}), widely dispersed in warm             countries, and used for hedges.          {The New Jerusalem}, Heaven; the Celestial City.
From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) [web1913]:
Jerusalem \Je*ru"sa*lem\, n. [Gr. [?], fr. Heb.       Y[?]r[?]sh[be]laim.]       The chief city of Palestine, intimately associated with the       glory of the Jewish nation, and the life and death of Jesus       Christ.          {Jerusalem artichoke} [Perh. a corrupt. of It. girasole i.e.,             sunflower, or turnsole. See {Gyre}, {Solar}.] (Bot.)       (a) An American plant, a perennial species of sunflower             ({Helianthus tuberosus}), whose tubers are sometimes used             as food.       (b) One of the tubers themselves.          {Jerusalem cherry} (Bot.), the popular name of either of             either of two species of {Solanum} ({S. Pseudo-capsicum}             and {S. capsicastrum}), cultivated as ornamental house             plants. They bear bright red berries of about the size of             cherries.          {Jerusalem oak} (Bot.), an aromatic goosefoot ({Chenopodium             Botrys}), common about houses and along roadsides.          {Jerusalem sage} (Bot.), a perennial herb of the Mint family             ({Phlomis tuberosa}).          {Jerusalem thorn} (Bot.), a spiny, leguminous tree             ({Parkinsonia aculeata}), widely dispersed in warm             countries, and used for hedges.          {The New Jerusalem}, Heaven; the Celestial City.
From U.S. Gazetteer (1990) [gazetteer]:
Jerusalem, AR       Zip code(s): 72080    Jerusalem, OH (village, FIPS 39130)       Location: 39.85219 N, 81.09532 W       Population (1990): 144 (66 housing units)       Area: 0.7 sq km (land), 0.0 sq km (water)       Zip code(s): 43747
From Easton's 1897 Bible Dictionary [easton]:
Jerusalem       called also Salem, Ariel, Jebus, the "city of God," the "holy       city;" by the modern Arabs el-Khuds, meaning "the holy;" once       "the city of Judah" (2 Chr. 25:28). This name is in the original       in the dual form, and means "possession of peace," or       "foundation of peace." The dual form probably refers to the two       mountains on which it was built, viz., Zion and Moriah; or, as       some suppose, to the two parts of the city, the "upper" and the       "lower city." Jerusalem is a "mountain city enthroned on a       mountain fastness" (comp. Ps. 68:15, 16; 87:1; 125:2; 76:1, 2;       122:3). It stands on the edge of one of the highest table-lands       in Palestine, and is surrounded on the south-eastern, the       southern, and the western sides by deep and precipitous ravines.                It is first mentioned in Scripture under the name Salem (Gen.       14:18; comp. Ps. 76:2). When first mentioned under the name       Jerusalem, Adonizedek was its king (Josh. 10:1). It is       afterwards named among the cities of Benjamin (Judg. 19:10; 1       Chr. 11:4); but in the time of David it was divided between       Benjamin and Judah. After the death of Joshua the city was taken       and set on fire by the men of Judah (Judg. 1:1-8); but the       Jebusites were not wholly driven out of it. The city is not       again mentioned till we are told that David brought the head of       Goliath thither (1 Sam. 17:54). David afterwards led his forces       against the Jebusites still residing within its walls, and drove       them out, fixing his own dwelling on Zion, which he called "the       city of David" (2 Sam. 5:5-9; 1 Chr. 11:4-8). Here he built an       altar to the Lord on the threshing-floor of Araunah the Jebusite       (2 Sam. 24:15-25), and thither he brought up the ark of the       covenant and placed it in the new tabernacle which he had       prepared for it. Jerusalem now became the capital of the       kingdom.                After the death of David, Solomon built the temple, a house       for the name of the Lord, on Mount Moriah (B.C. 1010). He also       greatly strengthened and adorned the city, and it became the       great centre of all the civil and religious affairs of the       nation (Deut. 12:5; comp. 12:14; 14:23; 16:11-16; Ps. 122).                After the disruption of the kingdom on the accession to the       throne of Rehoboam, the son of Solomon, Jerusalem became the       capital of the kingdom of the two tribes. It was subsequently       often taken and retaken by the Egyptians, the Assyrians, and by       the kings of Israel (2 Kings 14:13, 14; 18:15, 16; 23:33-35;       24:14; 2 Chr. 12:9; 26:9; 27:3, 4; 29:3; 32:30; 33:11), till       finally, for the abounding iniquities of the nation, after a       siege of three years, it was taken and utterly destroyed, its       walls razed to the ground, and its temple and palaces consumed       by fire, by Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylon (2 Kings 25; 2       Chr. 36; Jer. 39), B.C. 588. The desolation of the city and the       land was completed by the retreat of the principal Jews into       Egypt (Jer. 40-44), and by the final carrying captive into       Babylon of all that still remained in the land (52:3), so that       it was left without an inhabitant (B.C. 582). Compare the       predictions, Deut. 28; Lev. 26:14-39.                But the streets and walls of Jerusalem were again to be built,       in troublous times (Dan. 9:16, 19, 25), after a captivity of       seventy years. This restoration was begun B.C. 536, "in the       first year of Cyrus" (Ezra 1:2, 3, 5-11). The Books of Ezra and       Nehemiah contain the history of the re-building of the city and       temple, and the restoration of the kingdom of the Jews,       consisting of a portion of all the tribes. The kingdom thus       constituted was for two centuries under the dominion of Persia,       till B.C. 331; and thereafter, for about a century and a half,       under the rulers of the Greek empire in Asia, till B.C. 167. For       a century the Jews maintained their independence under native       rulers, the Asmonean princes. At the close of this period they       fell under the rule of Herod and of members of his family, but       practically under Rome, till the time of the destruction of       Jerusalem, A.D. 70. The city was then laid in ruins.                The modern Jerusalem by-and-by began to be built over the       immense beds of rubbish resulting from the overthrow of the       ancient city; and whilst it occupies certainly the same site,       there are no evidences that even the lines of its streets are       now what they were in the ancient city. Till A.D. 131 the Jews       who still lingered about Jerusalem quietly submitted to the       Roman sway. But in that year the emperor (Hadrian), in order to       hold them in subjection, rebuilt and fortified the city. The       Jews, however, took possession of it, having risen under the       leadership of one Bar-Chohaba (i.e., "the son of the star") in       revolt against the Romans. Some four years afterwards (A.D.       135), however, they were driven out of it with great slaughter,       and the city was again destroyed; and over its ruins was built a       Roman city called Aelia Capitolina, a name which it retained       till it fell under the dominion of the Mohammedans, when it was       called el-Khuds, i.e., "the holy."                In A.D. 326 Helena, mother of the emperor Constantine, made a       pilgrimage to Jerusalem with the view of discovering the places       mentioned in the life of our Lord. She caused a church to be       built on what was then supposed to be the place of the nativity       at Bethlehem. Constantine, animated by her example, searched for       the holy sepulchre, and built over the supposed site a       magnificent church, which was completed and dedicated A.D. 335.       He relaxed the laws against the Jews till this time in force,       and permitted them once a year to visit the city and wail over       the desolation of "the holy and beautiful house."                In A.D. 614 the Persians, after defeating the Roman forces of       the emperor Heraclius, took Jerusalem by storm, and retained it       till A.D. 637, when it was taken by the Arabians under the       Khalif Omar. It remained in their possession till it passed, in       A.D. 960, under the dominion of the Fatimite khalifs of Egypt,       and in A.D. 1073 under the Turcomans. In A.D. 1099 the crusader       Godfrey of Bouillon took the city from the Moslems with great       slaughter, and was elected king of Jerusalem. He converted the       Mosque of Omar into a Christian cathedral. During the       eighty-eight years which followed, many churches and convents       were erected in the holy city. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre       was rebuilt during this period, and it alone remains to this       day. In A.D. 1187 the sultan Saladin wrested the city from the       Christians. From that time to the present day, with few       intervals, Jerusalem has remained in the hands of the Moslems.       It has, however, during that period been again and again taken       and retaken, demolished in great part and rebuilt, no city in       the world having passed through so many vicissitudes.                In the year 1850 the Greek and Latin monks residing in       Jerusalem had a fierce dispute about the guardianship of what       are called the "holy places." In this dispute the emperor       Nicholas of Russia sided with the Greeks, and Louis Napoleon,       the emperor of the French, with the Latins. This led the Turkish       authorities to settle the question in a way unsatisfactory to       Russia. Out of this there sprang the Crimean War, which was       protracted and sanguinary, but which had important consequences       in the way of breaking down the barriers of Turkish       exclusiveness.                Modern Jerusalem "lies near the summit of a broad       mountain-ridge, which extends without interruption from the       plain of Esdraelon to a line drawn between the southern end of       the Dead Sea and the southeastern corner of the Mediterranean."       This high, uneven table-land is everywhere from 20 to 25       geographical miles in breadth. It was anciently known as the       mountains of Ephraim and Judah.                "Jerusalem is a city of contrasts, and differs widely from       Damascus, not merely because it is a stone town in mountains,       whilst the latter is a mud city in a plain, but because while in       Damascus Moslem religion and Oriental custom are unmixed with       any foreign element, in Jerusalem every form of religion, every       nationality of East and West, is represented at one time."                Jerusalem is first mentioned under that name in the Book of       Joshua, and the Tell-el-Amarna collection of tablets includes       six letters from its Amorite king to Egypt, recording the attack       of the Abiri about B.C. 1480. The name is there spelt Uru-Salim       ("city of peace"). Another monumental record in which the Holy       City is named is that of Sennacherib's attack in B.C. 702. The       "camp of the Assyrians" was still shown about A.D. 70, on the       flat ground to the north-west, included in the new quarter of       the city.                The city of David included both the upper city and Millo, and       was surrounded by a wall built by David and Solomon, who appear       to have restored the original Jebusite fortifications. The name       Zion (or Sion) appears to have been, like Ariel ("the hearth of       God"), a poetical term for Jerusalem, but in the Greek age was       more specially used of the Temple hill. The priests' quarter       grew up on Ophel, south of the Temple, where also was Solomon's       Palace outside the original city of David. The walls of the city       were extended by Jotham and Manasseh to include this suburb and       the Temple (2 Chr. 27:3; 33:14).                Jerusalem is now a town of some 50,000 inhabitants, with       ancient mediaeval walls, partly on the old lines, but extending       less far to the south. The traditional sites, as a rule, were       first shown in the 4th and later centuries A.D., and have no       authority. The results of excavation have, however, settled most       of the disputed questions, the limits of the Temple area, and       the course of the old walls having been traced.
From Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary (late 1800's) [hitchcock]:
Jerusalem, vision of peace